1. Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions
Chapter 7
Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions

3. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

4. Transfer of Energy Utilizing ATP

5. How Efficient is this Process? Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go?
From the food we ingest, we only capture about 50% of the energy in the bonds in the form of ATP.
When we utilize the ATP to “fuel” other anabolic processes, we only utilize about 50% of the ATP’s energy.
Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go?

6. Overview of energy metabolism.

7. Carbs
Lipids
Protein
(amino acids)
TCA
Cycle
Energy Production

8. Release of Small Amount of Energy
Lets Start with Carbs:
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Release of Small Amount of Energy

9. Endoplasmic Reticulum
A Simplified Eukaryote Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ribosomes)

10. Pyruvate-to-Acetyl CoA (aerobic)
Cofactor
Irreversible Step

11. The Breakdown of Acetyl CoA Electron Transport ChainTo
Energy
(aerobic)
TCA
Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

12. Glucose-to-energy pathway
SUMMARY:
Glucose-to-energy pathway

13. Fatty Acid Oxidation

14. Fats-to-energy pathway

15. Transamination:
Making Nonessential Amino Acid

16. Deamination to give Keto Acids

17. Amino Acids-to-energy pathway

18. What happens to the NH3?
Urea synthesis

19. Urea excretion
Amino Acids
bloodstream
Liver
bloodstream
Kidney

20. Electron Transport Chain

21. Why does Fat Produce more Energy
than Glucose?
Mol. Weight =
Acetyl CoA produced = 8
ATP’s produced = 129
ATP’s per gram = 0.50
Mol. Weight =
Acetyl CoA produced = 2
ATP’s produced = 38
ATP’s per gram = 0.21

22. During Feasting - High Dietary Intake

23. During Fasting - Low Dietary Intact

24. If Fasting Continues - Still Low Dietary Intact

25. Ketosis: Ketone Body formation

26. Alcohol metabolism

27. Alternate route
for Acetyl CoA
Fat
NADH
blocks entry