1. what good are low frequencies? HI, neutral hydrogen, H 0, atomic hydrogen high redshifts and early times…. USS, GPS, … “enabling technologies” …multi-beaming, all-sky transients,…, the highest energy cosmic rays…

2. FREQ. GHz FREQ MHz 50 100 200 1000 Z = 4 Gigahertz Peak Sources: young radio sources ???

3. .…. ionized…… re-re-ionized re-ionized Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

4. HI HI HI HI HI 70 MHz ………………..180 MHz

5. damped Lyman-  abs-lines 21cm Line Studies (HIPASS)

6. CosmicEvolutionIndicators Redshift 0 1 2 3 4 5 co-moving number density of bright Quasars Cosmic Star Formation Rate history: the Madau Plot 0 1 2 3 4 5 extent of metal-rich gaseous halos cosmic density  g of Neutral Gas 0 1 2 3 4 5

7. Violent accretion accretion Passive relaxation relaxation CosmicEvolutionIndicators Redshift 1420 500 250 MHz frequency

8. 3C196- G1 z = 0.437 HST image (Ridgway & Stockton) 3” Cohen et al

9. Double Lobed Radio Source Radio spectrum at 988 MHz Westerbork (Briggs, deBruyn, Vermeulen) 300 km/s

10. source centroid as fnct of Frequency map emission ? SKA map absorption ?

11. new GMRT Kanekar & Chengalur 988 MHz

12. high redshift radio galaxies TNR J2254+1857 TNR J1402-1510

13. Radio galaxy spectra No UV continuum No DLA absorption lines

14. Molonglo Telescope: SKAMP III frequency coverage sensitivity RFI rejection VLBI to resolve source

15. the Molonglo challenges: broadband line feeds 96 station correlator Defence HQ 3 km away ?!?!