1. John Strand 1/18/2002 1 Optical Networking CS 294-3 2/5/2002 John Strand The Views Expressed In This Talk Are The Author’s. They Do Not Necessarily Represent The Views Of AT&T Or Any Other Corporation Or Individual. AT&T Optical Networks Research Dept. jls@research.att.com U. of California - Berkeley - EECS Dept. jls@photonics.eecs.berkeley.edu

2. John Strand 1/18/2002 2 SONET Rates STS-1OC-1 51.840 STS-3OC-3 155.520 STS-12OC-12 622.080 STS-48OC-48 2,488.320 STS-192OC-192 9,953.280 STS-768OC-768 39,813.120 Level Optical Designation Bit Rate (Mb/s) STS=SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNAL OC=OPTICAL CARRIER (“..result of a direct optical converions of the STS after synchronous scrambling” - ANSI) EC (Not Shown) = ELECTRICAL CARRIER

3. John Strand 1/18/2002 3 CPE Central Office Switch "POTS" PBX Private Line (PL) Basic Service Types POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service PSTN ~ 100 Intercity Switches* * ATT Network Transport Network Shared By Many Services ~10x As Many Offices*

4. John Strand 1/18/2002 4 Entering The Transport Network MUXMUX MUXMUX POTS POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service" VG: Voice Grade PL: Private Line 1 MUXMUX 24 OOOOOOOO OOOO 64 kb/s1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622 Mb/s 2.5 - 10 Gb/s WDMWDM Backbone Fiber Network 10 Gb WAN Ethernet SONET Framed - 9.953 Gb/s Asynchronous * 1.5 Mb/s PL 45 - 2500 Mb/s PL [1Gb Ethernet] 2500 - 10,000 Mb/s PL, 10 Gb WAN Ethernet & VG PL

5. John Strand 1/18/2002 5 Pure Glass Core Glass Cladding Inner Polymer Coating Outer Polymer Coating 8.3 micron* 125 micron 250 micron Single Fiber Lightpack Cable Design Protection Layers Protects “core” Serves as a “Light guide” * Single Mode Fiber; Multi-Mode Has A 50 Micron Core Typical Loss: 0.2 – 0.25 dB/km Plus Connector Loss Fiber Structure

6. John Strand 1/18/2002 6 Transport Layer Service Routing Service Layer (e.g., POTS or PL)

7. John Strand 1/18/2002 7 40 - 120 km (80 km typically) Up to 10,000 km (600 km in 2001 basic commercial products) OA 1 2 3 N WDM Mux R R R R WDM DeMux Frequency-registered transmitters Receivers WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplex OA: Optical Amplifier All-Optical Amplification Of Multi-Wavelength Signal!!! Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution

8. John Strand 1/18/2002 8 Single Fiber Capacity Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko, “Internet Growth: Is There A Moore’s Law For Data Traffic?” (research.att.com/~amo) Capacity = (Bits /  * Bandwidth (Bandwidth/  Moore's Law

9. John Strand 1/18/2002 9 Transport Layer Model Circuit/Packet Switching Digital Transmission (SONET) Optical Layer Media Layer DS3 or STS-N (<= 622 Mb/S) STS-48 or 192 (2.5 - 10 Gb/Sec) Multi-Wavelength (<= 400 Gb/s) PL Characteristic Technologies Router Voice Switch Digital Cross-Connect (DCS) Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM) Fiber Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) Single "wavelengths" Multi-wavelength bundles

10. John Strand 1/18/2002 10 Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect Optical transport system (1.55  m) Optical transport system (1.55  m) Standard cross-office optics (1.3  m) Fibers In Fibers Out -Mux Add ports Drop ports... Transparency = node-bypass Wavelength Path Crossconnect (Optical or Electronic Interior)

11. John Strand 1/18/2002 11 Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect (Electrical Fabric) ® 1-Bay Capacity: 640 Gb/s

12. John Strand 1/18/2002 12 An 8 x 8 Switch Chip size: 1 cm x 1 cm Source: L-Y. Lin

13. John Strand 1/18/2002 13 Outline Transport - Traditional TDM Networks Optical Networking Optical Networking & IP Concentrate On Intercity Networks Time Constraint Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature

14. John Strand 1/18/2002 14 Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Optical Layer Media Layer DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec) DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) - STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec) STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) - STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec) Proprietary (20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec) IP Transport Transport For IP - Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces Digital Transmission Layer Digital Transmission Layer Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers IP For Transport - Introducing IP Functionality Into The Optical Layer

15. John Strand 1/18/2002 15 Non-IP Services IP Router IP Services Non-IP Services OXC OLXC Office Architecture “Big Fat Router” Office Architecture IP For Transport Replacing The OLXC With A Router

16. John Strand 1/18/2002 16 Ports & Assumed Costs OLXC $x Per OC48 IP Router $y Per OC48 Through (  Terminating (1 –  IP Router OLXC Office Architecture IP Router “Big Fat Router” Office Architecture IP For Transport Comparing The Architectures OLXC Architecture Less Expensive If: OLXC Cost x Typical Values:  = 0.8 x/y << 0.2 Router Cost <  y

17. John Strand 1/18/2002 17 Label Switched Path's (LSP's) Are LOGICAL, NOT PHYSICAL Need Not Occupy Bandwidth Specific LSP’s Change At Each MPLS Node: z End-to-end connection defined at set-up Physical Transmission System SONET (STS-N) OCh Etc. LSP X LSP Y LSP s LSP t LSP u LSP a LSP s LSP t MPLS Transport Hierarchy IP MPLS Xs

18. John Strand 1/18/2002 18 MPLS Tunneling LSP 7 LSP 11 LSP 42 LSP 3 LSP 88 POP 3 PUSH 7 7 SWAP 7=>11 PUSH 42 11 42 SWAP 42 => 88 11 88 POP 88 SWAP 11=>3 3 "Virtual" Muxing - No Utilization Penalty This Is A Key Driver For Replacing TDM

19. John Strand 1/18/2002 19 TDM Multiplexing DS1 DS3 STS-48 DS3 STS-48 Tunneling Using MPLS LSP's Is Analogous To TDM Multiplexing

20. John Strand 1/18/2002 20 From MPLS To GMPLS LSP 7 LSP 11 LSP 42 LSP 3 LSP 88 POP 3 PUSH 7 7 SWAP 7=>11 PUSH 42 11 42 SWAP 42 => 88 11 88 POP 88 SWAP 11=>3 3 Implicit Label ( 1 ) Implicit Label ( 2 ) STS-192 ( 1 ) STS-192 ( 2 ) GMPLS: Generalized MPLS

21. John Strand 1/18/2002 21 1. Select source, destination, and service Label Request Message Label Mapping Message 2. OSPF determines optimal route 3. RSVP-TE/CR-LDP establishes circuit Source: Sycamore OFC2000 GMPLS In An OXC Network Vision: Provisioning Time: Weeks To Milliseconds Greatly Simplify Process ISSUE: Standards Lagging Need - Proprietary Control Planes Are Being Deployed Rapidly

22. John Strand 1/18/2002 22 GMPLS Vision Many Technologies - One Network FS: Fiber Switched LS: Lambda Switched PS: Packet Switched FA: Forwarding Adjacency

23. John Strand 1/18/2002 23 GMPLS Overlay Network Model Overlay Network –Optical Network (OXC) computes the path – Network Level Abstraction For IP Control Plane          Router Router       Connection Requests, etc. UNI Optical Network

24. John Strand 1/18/2002 24 GMPLS Peer Network Model Peer Network –Router computes the path (Routers have enough information about the characteristics of the optical devices/network) –Link-level abstraction For IP Layer Control Plane Router Router                Topology & Capacity Information Network Signalling Optical Network

25. John Strand 1/18/2002 25 Canarie OBGP Vision Dark Fiber Customer Owned Dark Fiber School University X Multi Home Router Dark Fiber Mapped to Dim Wavelength ISP A ISP B ISP Controlled Optical Switch Aggregating Router ISP Controlled Optical Switch Customer Controlled Optical Switch University Y IGP BGP OiBGP OBGP BGP neighbors B. St. Arnaud

26. John Strand 1/18/2002 26 Optical Interworking Forum Services Concept Bandwidth On Demand - Connection Request Over UNI Specifying QoS Desired - Overlay Model OVPN - Dedicated Subnet Configured By Customer - Peer Model Customers buy managed service at the edge Optical VLAN Customer ISP AS 1 AS 2 AS 3 AS 1 AS 4 BGP Peering is done at the edge

27. John Strand 1/18/2002 27 Examples of network views View from domain A via a distance-vector or path- vector protocol Domain 1 Reachable Address list Domain 3 Reachable Address list Domain 4 Reachable Address list Domain 5 Reachable Address list Domain 2 Reachable Address list

28. John Strand 1/18/2002 28 Examples of Network views View from any domain of the rest of the network via a link state protocol Domain 1 Reachable Address list Domain 3 Reachable Address list Domain 4 Reachable Address list Domain 5 Reachable Address list Domain 2 Reachable Address list Protection 1:N, N=3 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1+1 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1:N, N=10 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1:N, N=7 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1+1 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1+1 Available BW = … SRLG = … Protection 1+1 Available BW = … SRLG = …

29. John Strand 1/18/2002 29 Initial OIF NNI Target User control Domain Control Domain A Control Domain C UNI NNI Control Domain B firewall L2/L3 Load Balancer Load Balancer User control Domain firewall L2/L3 Load Balancer Load Balancer Single carrier’s network User control Domain firewall L2/L3 Load Balancer Load Balancer NNI Why Single Carrier Multi-Domain First? Standards Lag Deployment - Vendor Proprietary Control Planes Rapid & Unpredictable Technological Change Makes It Unlikely That Standards Will Keep Up Uncertain Business Model Initial Multi-Carrier NNI Likely To Be LEC/IXC (JLS Opinion)

30. John Strand 1/18/2002 30 1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported 2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor 3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely 4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources 5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration 6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available Metro/Core Characteristics KYJ Metro oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements A X

31. John Strand 1/18/2002 31 1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported 2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor 3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely 4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources 5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration 6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available Metro/Core Characteristics KYJ Metro Y oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements A

32. John Strand 1/18/2002 32 Routing Costs: A(nodes) + B(distance) Large A Small B Small A Large B 1. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely 2. Information & Policy Trust Not Likely To Be An Issue 3. Vendor-Specific Technologies & Constraints Not Captured In Standards Are Likely (E.g., All-Optical, Tunable Lasers, Adaptive Wavebands) Multi-Vendors In Backbone - Characteristics oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements A Z N P Q S T U M R B Y Opaque Network (Vendor A) Express Domain of Transparency (Vendor B) R L J K

33. John Strand 1/18/2002 33 Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Optical Layer Media Layer DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec) DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) - STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec) STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) - STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec) Proprietary (20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec) IP Transport Transport For IP - Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces Digital Transmission Layer Digital Transmission Layer Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers IP For Transport - Introducing IP Functionality Into The Optical Layer

34. John Strand 1/18/2002 34 Entering The Transport Network 1 24 OOOOOOOO OOOO 1 o 28 POTS & VG PL 1.5 Mb/s PL 64 kb/s1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622 Mb/s PL 45 - 622 Mb/s 1 - 10 Gb/s PL POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service" VG: Voice Grade PL: Private Line 2.5 - 10 Gb/s Backbone Fiber Network BW Growth Rates

35. John Strand 1/18/2002 35 US Domestic Backbone (Mid-’99) 268,794 OC-12 Miles

36. John Strand 1/18/2002 36 Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Voice & Other TDM-Based Services Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Data Services (Mostly IP-Based) Optical Layer Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM) "Optical Cross-Connects" Optical Layer Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM) "Optical Cross-Connects" Media Layer Fiber Conduit Media Layer Fiber Conduit DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec) DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) - OC-12 (622 Mb/Sec) OC-48c (2.5 Gb/Sec) - OC-192c (10 Gb/Sec) Proprietary (20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec) Transport Layering Digital Transmission Layer ADM's Rings Digital Transmission Layer ADM's Rings Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers X X X X Functionality & Value Added

37. John Strand 1/18/2002 37 Price - $/OC48/month Availability How Quickly Where Displacement Of Internal ISP Costs Interfaces Cost Of Reliability Buffer Capacity Peak Loads Traffic Shifts Traffic Growth Network Management Differentiators Availability QoS Rapid Provisioning Optical Network Interworking Heterogeneous Technologies Metro/Core Other Backbone Providers Flexible Bandwidth Asymmetric Circuits Concatenated Links Virtual Concatenation Inverse Multiplexing Additional Customer Restoration Options Re-Provisioning Customer Control Speed Options Sub-OC48 Functionality Layer 1 Interface Enhancements Customer Drivers Possible Solution Elements Transport For IP

38. John Strand 1/18/2002 38 Optical Layer Optical Layer Services Layers Services Layers Digital Transmission Layer DCS Layers Restoration Refresher Key Trade-Off Restoration GranularityUnit Capacity Cost Connection STS-1 => STS-12 STS-48+ l or Fiber Services Layer (IP) Can Restore Exactly The Right Connections Optical Layer More Economical If Large Bundles Of Connections Need To Be Restored

39. John Strand 1/18/2002 39 ISP Peering Relationships Peer (Frequently) No $$ CustomerProvider EXPENSIVE

40. John Strand 1/18/2002 40 A Z R CX B Y Toll Switching Hierarchy Internet ISP Hierarchy Local ISP Regional ISP Tier 1 ISP Transport For IP Reducing The BGP Hop Count Hi-Usage Trunks Optical Direct Connects Typical Transit Cost (Telia): $1K - 10K / Mbps /Year

41. John Strand 1/18/2002 41 References T. E. Stern & K. Bala, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1999 J. L. Strand, “Optical Network Architecture Evolution”, chapter in I. Kaminow and T. Li (eds.), Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV, Academic Press, to appear March 2002 R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998. R. H. Cardwell, O. J. Wasem, H. Kobrinski, “WDM Architectures and Economics in Metropolitan Areas", Optical Networks, vol. 1 no.3, pp. 41-50 O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami, "Optical Layer Survivability: A Services Perspective", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38 no. 3, March 2000, pp. 104-113. R. D. Doverspike, S. Phillips, and Jeffery R. Westbrook, "Future Transport Network Architectures", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37 no. 8, August 1999, pp. 96-101. R. Doverspike and J. Yates, "Challenges for MPLS in Optical Network Restoration", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 39 no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 89-96. M. W. Maeda, "Management and Control of Transparent Optical Networks", IEEE J. on Selected Areas In Communications, vol. 16, no. 7, Sept. 1998, pp. 1008-1023. J. L. Strand, J.; A. L. Chiu,, R. Tkach,. “Issues For Routing In The Optical Layer”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2/2001, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 81 –87 John Strand, Robert Doverspike, Guangzhi Li, “Importance of Wavelength Conversion In An Optical Network”, Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 2 No. 3 (May/June 2001), pp. 33-44 R. W. Tkach, E. L. Goldstein, J. A. Nagel, J. L. Strand, “Fundamental limits of optical transparency”, OFC '98, pp. 161 -162 A. L. Chiu, J. L. St,rand, “Joint IP/Optical Layer Restoration After A Router Failure”, OFC 2001, vol. 1, pp. MN5_1 -MN5_2.

42. John Strand 1/18/2002 42 Some Relevant U.S. Web Sites “Tier 1” Inter City Service Providers AT&Thttp://www.att.com MCI Worldcomhttp://www.wcom.com Sprinthttp://www.sprint.com New Entrants Qwesthttp://www.qwest.com Level3http://www.Level3.com Frontierhttp://www.frontiercorp.com Williamshttp://www.williams.com Major Equipment Providers Lucenthttp://www.lucent.com Alcatelhttp://www.alcatel.com Nortelhttp://www.nortel.com Ciscohttp://www.cisco.com NEChttp://www.nec.com New Equipment Vendors Ciena & Lighterahttp://www.ciena.com Cisco & Montereyhttp://www.montereynets.com Avicihttp://www.avici.com Juniperhttp://www.juniper.net Sycamorehttp://www.sycamore.com Government Sites: FCChttp://www.fcc.gov NTIAhttp://www.ntia.doc.gov Standards Organization s ITU http://www.itu.int T1http://www.t1.org OIFhttp://www.oiforum.com IETFhttp://www.ietf.org ATM Forumhttp://www.atmforum.com New Business Models Band-Xhttp://www.band-x.com Arbinethttp://www.arbinet.com