1. European Federation for Transport & Environment Environmental Objectives in Transport Planning Environmental Objectives in Transport Planning by Karsten Krause 14 October 2004

2. www.t-e.nu Outline Environmental-sound Transport Systems Sustainable Transport Indicators,Benchmarks & Objectives Driving Forces of the Transport Market 3 Market Model Driving Forces Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets Example: Objectives for Air Pollution Conclusions

3. www.t-e.nu About T&E Members in:  Austria  Belgium  Czech & Slovak Rep  Denmark  Estonia  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Italy  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  UK

4. www.t-e.nu About T&E Spanish Members: Asociatión para a Defensa Ecolóxica de Galiza (ADEGA) Ecologistas en accion P.T.P. - Associao per la promocio del transport public

5. www.t-e.nu T&E Priorities ‘True’ Prices Climate Change and Energy Use Aviation Shipping Health and Quality of Life European Investment in Transport

6. www.t-e.nu Key Messages... 1.) Traffic Prevention 2.) Modal Shift 3.) Optimisation  Getting the Prices Right

7. www.t-e.nu Outline Environmental-sound Transport Systems Sustainable Transport Indicators, Benchmarks & Objectives Driving Forces of the Transport Market 3 Market Model Driving Forces Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets Example: Objectives for Air Pollution Conclusions

8. www.t-e.nu

9. Transport Problems Economic Problems Congestion Fuel Supply Environmental Problems Atmospheric Pollution Land Fragmentation Social Problems Safety Risks Health Impact

10. www.t-e.nu A Sustainable Transport System......allows basic access and development needs of individuals, companies and societies to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and promises equity within and between successive generations...is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers choice of transport mode, and supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional development...limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of generation, and, uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable substitutes while minimising the impact on land and the generation of noise (Council of the EU 2001.)

11. www.t-e.nu Environmental Indicators & Objectives

12. www.t-e.nu Environmental Indicators & Objectives Indicator Def.: A numerical measure of quality, representing data that have been collected. Best known indicator: Human Body Temperature Direct Environmental Indicators: CO2 Emission / GDP Unit Biodiversity / Square Kilometre Indirect Environmental Indicators: Cars / Inhabitants Population Density

13. www.t-e.nu Environmental Indicators & Objectives Benchmark Def.: A measurement or standard that serves as a point of reference by which process performance is measured. Best known benchmark: 37 °C Benchmarks: Per Capita Comparison Historic Comparison EURO Emission Standards € Convergence Criteria

14. www.t-e.nu Environmental Indicators & Objectives Objective Def.: A goal intended to be attained and which is believed to be attainable. Could be qualitative or quantitative. Best known objectives: reduce fever / stay healthy Environmental Objectives: EU Air Quality Standards UNFCCC / Kyoto Commitments

15. www.t-e.nu TERM Indicators TERM Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism European Environment Agency / European Commission Indicator-based reporting Initiated in early 1998. Output: reports through which the effectiveness of transport and environment integration strategies are monitored.

16. www.t-e.nu TERM Indicators Groups Environmental consequences of transport Transport demand and intensity Spatial planning and accessibility Supply of transport infrastructure and services Transport costs and prices Technology and utilisation efficiency Management integration

17. www.t-e.nu How is the EU doing? ZERO indicators show sufficient improvement European Environment Agency: 27 indicators on sustainable development: 6 indicators lack sufficient data 13 indicators have become worse ! 8 indicators have not shown progress

18. www.t-e.nu Outline Environmental-sound Transport Systems Sustainable Transport Indicators,Benchmarks & Objectives Driving Forces of the Transport Market 3 Market Model Driving Forces Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets Example: Atmospheric Pollutants from Road Transport Conclusions

19. www.t-e.nu Transport Market Movement Market Activities in the Society Spatial Structure Transport Market Movement Patterns Transport Means & Services Traffic Market Transport Streams Infrastructure

20. www.t-e.nu Outline

21. www.t-e.nu Outline

22. www.t-e.nu Transport Market Outcomes EconomicOutcomesEnvironmentalOutcomes Social Outcomes Accessibility Transport operation cost Productivity / Efficiency Costs to economy Benefits to Economy Ressource use Direct Ecological intrusion Emissions to air Emissions to soil and water Noise Waste Accessibility and affordability Safety and security Fitness & health Liveability Equity Working conditions in transport sector

23. www.t-e.nu Outline

24. www.t-e.nu Outline

25. www.t-e.nu Outline Environmental-sound Transport Systems Sustainable Transport Indicators,Benchmarks & Objectives Driving Forces of the Transport Market 3 Market Model Driving Forces Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets Example: Objectives for Air Pollution Conclusions

26. www.t-e.nu Environmental Objectives Planning Process Cost-/Benefit Analysis Strategic Environmental Assessemt (SEA) Environmental Minimum Standards Respecting Existing Environmental Legislation Positive Contribution to Policy EU / National Commitments Environmental Objectives Reducing Transport Demand Modal Shift Reducing Environmental Impact

27. www.t-e.nu TERM Indicators Groups Environmental consequences of transport Transport demand and intensity Spatial planning and accessibility Supply of transport infrastructure and services Transport costs and prices Technology and utilisation efficiency Management integration

28. www.t-e.nu TERM01: Environmental consequences of transport T01 Transport final energy consumption by mode T02 Transport emissions of greenhouse gases by mode T03 Transport emissions of air pollutants by mode T04 Exceedance of air quality objectives (due to traffic) T05 Exposure to and annoyance by traffic noise T06 Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats T07 Proximity of infrastructure to designated areas T08 Land take by transport infrastructure T09 Number of transport accidents, fatalities and injured T10 Accidental oil spills, illegal discharges from marine shipping T11 Generation of waste

29. www.t-e.nu TERM02: Transport demand and intensity T12 Passenger transport demand by mode and purpose T13 Freight transport demand by mode and group of goods

30. www.t-e.nu TERM03: Spatial planning and accessibility T14 Access to basic services (average passenger journey time and length per mode, T15 Regional accessibility of markets and cohesion T16 Access to transport services

31. www.t-e.nu TERM04: Supply of transport infrastructure and services T18 Capacity of transport infrastructure networks T19 Investments in transport infrastructure (per capita and by mode)

32. www.t-e.nu TERM05: Transport costs and prices T20 Transport prices (real change in passenger and freight transport price by mode) T21 Fuel prices and taxes T22 Transport taxes and charges T23 Subsidies T24 Expenditure on personal mobility by income group T25 External costs of transport T26 Internalisation of external costs

33. www.t-e.nu TERM06: Technology and utilisation efficiency T27 Overall energy efficiency and specific CO2 emissions (per passenger-km and per tonne-km and by mode) T28 Emissions per passenger-km and per tonne-km (NOx,NMVOCs,PM 10,SOx by mode) T29 Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles T30 Load factors for freight transport T31 Uptake of cleaner and alternative fuels T32 Size and composition of the vehicle fleet T33 Average age of the vehicle fleet T34 Proportion of vehicle fleet meeting certain emission standards (by mode)

34. www.t-e.nu TERM07: Management Integration T35 Number of Member States that implement an integrated strategy T36 Institutional cooperation in transport and environment T37 Number of Member States with a national transport and environment monitoring system T38 Uptake of strategic environmental assessment in the transport sector T40 Public awareness and behaviour

35. www.t-e.nu Strategic Environment Assessment

36. www.t-e.nu Strategic Environment Assessment (1/2) SEA, a holistic approach that considers the projected environmental impacts over time of multiple actions within a region or ecosystem. SEA provides decision-makers with information, strategies and actual and projected information on environmental effects. SEA enable policy makers to anticipate effects on species, habitats and ecological processes that site-specific studies do not capture.

37. www.t-e.nu Strategic Environment Assessment (2/2) SEA assessment elements: Habitat mapping Risk analysis Sensitivity mapping Cost- /Benefit Ratios

38. www.t-e.nu Air Quality in London

39. www.t-e.nu Air Quality in London Road Transport

40. www.t-e.nu Air Quality and Road Transport Options to achieve better air quality Restrict access to sensitive areas Price incentives Stricter emission standards

41. www.t-e.nu Outline Environmental-sound Transport Systems Sustainable Transport Indicators,Benchmarks & Objectives Driving Forces of the Transport Market 3 Market Model Driving Forces Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets Example: Objectives for Air Pollution Conclusions

42. www.t-e.nu Conclusions Sustainability Perspective on the Transport Plan Integration of Stakeholders True Prices for all Transport Users

43. European Federation for Transport & Environment Thank you

44. www.t-e.nu Further Information www.eea.eu.int www.summa-eu.org

45. European Federation for Transport & Environment T&E is Europe’s primary NGO campaigning on a Europe wide level for an environmentally responsible approach to transport. info@t-e.nuinfo@t-e.nu Boulevard de Waterloo, 34 | 1000 Brussels Tel.: +32(0)2-502 99 09 | Fax: +32(0)2-502 99 08 | www.t-e.nu www.t-e.nu