1. Lecture Overview: Measurement 1) Reliability of Measures 1) Reliability of Measures 2) Construct Validity 2) Construct Validity 3) Measurement scales 3) Measurement scales

2. 1) Reliability of Measures Reliability Reliability –The consistency or stability of a measure Assessing a restaurant’s food Assessing a restaurant’s food Three important variables Three important variables –How many testers? (Observers)  Interrater reliability –How many different entrees? (Observations)  Internal consistency –How many times? (Occasions)  Test-retest

3. Interrater Reliability The degree to which independent raters agree on an observation The degree to which independent raters agree on an observation Have two (or more) judges rate the same people Have two (or more) judges rate the same people Trained and independent raters, using a coding scheme Trained and independent raters, using a coding scheme

4. Observer 1Observer 2 Complain about injection-23 First negative comment01 Second negative comment -22 Rip up questionnaire-23 Interrater Reliability

5. Observer 1Observer 2 Complain about injection22 First negative comment00 Second negative comment-2-2 Rip up questionnaire23 Interrater Reliability

6. Internal Consistency Internal consistency – the degree to which all specific items of a measure behave the same way Internal consistency – the degree to which all specific items of a measure behave the same way Measure the same people with multiple items Measure the same people with multiple items –Different questions in a survey –Different behaviors in observation

7. Extraversion 12345 Not at all true Very true 1.I am outgoing.____ 2.I am friendly. ____ 3.I am talkative.____ 4.I am gregarious.____

8. Internal consistency Split-half reliability – correlation of scores on one half of the test with scores on the other half Split-half reliability – correlation of scores on one half of the test with scores on the other half Cronbach’s alpha – the average of all possible correlations between items Cronbach’s alpha – the average of all possible correlations between items

9. ‘ One of these things just doesn’t belong’ One of these things is not like the others, One of these things just doesn't belong One of these things is not like the others, One of these things just doesn't belong Student 1Student 2Student 3 Ques 1 (Chpt 12) 1029 Ques 2 (Chpt 12) 938 Ques 3 (Chpt 3) 261 Ques 4 (Chpt 12) 1029

10. Test-Retest Reliability The degree to which a measure correlates positively with itself over time The degree to which a measure correlates positively with itself over time –Consistency of the measure over time Measure the same people at two (or more) points in time Measure the same people at two (or more) points in time Desirable for stable traits, but not for transient states Desirable for stable traits, but not for transient states

11. The “More is Better Rule” Reliability is likely to increase as we increase the number of… Reliability is likely to increase as we increase the number of… –Observers (or raters) –Observations (or items) –Occasions Measurement error will average out Measurement error will average out

12. 2) Construct Validity How well an operational definition represents the construct of interest How well an operational definition represents the construct of interest The degree to which the construct can be inferred from the operational definition of that construct The degree to which the construct can be inferred from the operational definition of that construct

13. Indicators of Construct Validity Face validity Face validity Criterion validity Criterion validity –Predictive validity –Concurrent validity –Convergent validity –Discriminant validity

14. Face Validity Face validity – Does the measure appear to measure the construct of interest? Face validity – Does the measure appear to measure the construct of interest? –Does the measure “on the face of it” look like what it’s supposed to measure? Not necessary or sufficient for a good measure Not necessary or sufficient for a good measure

15. Predictive Validity Predictive validity – Is the measure associated with variables it should theoretically predict? Predictive validity – Is the measure associated with variables it should theoretically predict? LSAT – Law school performance LSAT – Law school performance Self-esteem – Depression Self-esteem – Depression Shyness – Social anxiety Shyness – Social anxiety

16. Concurrent Validity Concurrent validity – Does the measure differ between groups it ought to differ between? Concurrent validity – Does the measure differ between groups it ought to differ between? –Also called “known groups validity” E.g., clinically depressed versus non- depressed groups E.g., clinically depressed versus non- depressed groups

17. Convergent Validity Convergent validity – Is the measure associated with other established measures of the same construct? Convergent validity – Is the measure associated with other established measures of the same construct? Self-report - Observations Self-report - Observations Physiological measure - Self-report Physiological measure - Self-report Self-report 1 – Self-report 2 Self-report 1 – Self-report 2

18. Discriminant Validity Discriminant validity – Is the measure NOT associated with measures of other constructs? Discriminant validity – Is the measure NOT associated with measures of other constructs? Self-esteem scores not associated with locus of control scores Self-esteem scores not associated with locus of control scores Problem solving knowledge not associated with factual knowledge Problem solving knowledge not associated with factual knowledge

19. Measurement Reliability & Validity Reliability: Is the measure consistent? Reliability: Is the measure consistent? Validity: Does the measure adequately reflect the construct of interest? Validity: Does the measure adequately reflect the construct of interest? Reliable and ValidReliable, not ValidNot Reliable, not Valid

20. Relationship between Reliability and Validity Can be reliable but not valid Can be reliable but not valid To be valid it must be reliable – –But reliability is not sole condition for validity Both reliability and validity are necessary for accurate measurement in a research study.

21. Measurement Scales Nominal scales Nominal scales Ordinal scales Ordinal scales Interval scales Interval scales Ratio scales Ratio scales

22. Nominal Scales AKA Categorical scales AKA Categorical scales No numerical/quantitative properties. Categories or group simply differ from one another No numerical/quantitative properties. Categories or group simply differ from one another Examples: Examples: –Men or women –Right or left handed –Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist… –Numbers on basketball jerseys –Zip codes

23. Ordinal Scales Allow us to rank order the levels of the variables being studied Allow us to rank order the levels of the variables being studied Examples Examples –Social class  lower class, working class, middle class, and upper class –College football standings –Letterman’s Top Ten

24. Top Ten Bush Goals For His Second Term 10. Fewer idiotic remarks; more hilarious pratfalls. 9. Add mother Barbara to Mount Rushmore. 8. Combine Nebraska and Kansas into new state: Nebransas. 7. Spice up boring state dinners with tasty fish sticks! 6. Improve communication skills from poor to fair. 5. Catch up on his "Smokey And The Bandit" collection. 4. Get Ray Stevens to write some funny lyrics for "Hail To The Chief" 3. Ride every roller coaster in the country. 2. Install remote-activated button in Oval Office so he can blow stuff up right from his desk! 1. Begin vote-rigging process for Jeb's White House run in 2008.

25. Interval Scales The difference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful The difference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful Scores separated by equal intervals Scores separated by equal intervals Examples Examples –Temperature (Fahrenheit or Celsius) –Scores on personality measure

26. Ratio Scales Scores separated by equal intervals and there is an absolute zero Scores separated by equal intervals and there is an absolute zero Examples Examples –Length –Weight –Time –Number of responses

27. Level Qualitative Info Has inherent order ‘more to less’ Equal Intervals Has zero point NominalX OrdinalXX IntervalXXX RatioXXXX Scales of Measurement

28. Concept Check Which scale of measurement best describes the following: Which scale of measurement best describes the following: –Telephone numbers –Distances from Budapest to cities in the US –Scores on an extraversion personality assessment –Ranking of basketball teams in the Big Ten