1. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Chapter 17 RISK AND DIVERSIFICATION What is risk aversion, and why are investors, as a group, risk averse? What are the general investment implications of risk aversion? Why is standard deviation a good measure of risk, and how does an investor compute standard deviations for both individual securities and portfolios?

2. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 RISK AND DIVERSIFICATION- Cont. What is the impact of security correlations impact portfolio risk? What are the benefits of diversification, and how investors achieve them? What is the meaning of efficient diversification and modern portfolio theory

3. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 What is risk aversion? Risk aversion Risk aversion and expected returns Relative risk aversion and expected returns

4. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.1 – Distribution of Yearly Returns of Stocks and T-Bills, 1926-2002

5. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.2 – Risk Aversion and Expected Returns

6. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Measuring risk and return: Individual securities Measuring returns – Ex-ante or expected returns – Ex-post or historical returns Measuring risk –Range –Number of negative outcomes –Standard deviation (or variance)

7. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Calculating standard deviations and security selection Ex-ante or expected risk Ex-post or historical risk Security selection

8. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.3 – Risk/Return Graph for Security Selection

9. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Portfolio risk and return Portfolio return. –Ex-ante portfolio return, ER p –Ex-post portfolio return, M p

10. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Standard deviation of a two-security portfolio Covariance (COV(A,B)) Correlation coefficient CORR(A,B) CORR(A,B) = COV(A,B)/ (SD A )(SD B ) Standard deviation for a two-security portfolio Correlation and portfolio standard deviation

11. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.4 – Two-Security Portfolio Combinations with Various Correlations

12. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Investment opportunity set for two-security portfolio Minimum variance portfolio Standard Deviation of an N-Security Portfolio.

13. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.5 – Two-Security Portfolio Combinations of Securities A and E

14. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Diversification Diversification across securities Two types of portfolio risk Mathematical effects of diversification Diversification across time Efficient diversification How to find an efficient frontier Implications for Investors

15. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.6 – Example of Diversification Across Securities

16. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.7 – Efficient Frontier for Three Stocks

17. Contemporary Investments: Chapter 17 Figure 17.8 – Full-Market Efficient Frontier