1. 1 Chapter 12 Bond Prices and the Importance of Duration

2. 2 We cannot gamble with anything so sacred as money. - William McKinley

3. 3 Outline u Introduction u Review of bond principles u Bond pricing and returns u Bond risk

4. 4 Introduction u The investment characteristics of bonds range completely across the risk/return spectrum u As part of a portfolio, bonds provide both stability and income Capital appreciation is not usually a motive for acquiring bonds

5. 5 Review of Bond Principles u Identification of bonds u Classification of bonds u Terms of repayment u Bond cash flows u Convertible bonds u Registration

6. 6 Identification of Bonds u A bond is identified by: The issuer The coupon The maturity u For example, five IBM “eights of 10” means $5,000 par IBM bonds with an 8% coupon rate and maturing in 2010

7. 7 Classification of Bonds u Introduction u Issuer u Security u Term

8. 8 Introduction u The bond indenture describes the details of a bond issue: Description of the loan Terms of repayment Collateral Protective covenants Default provisions

9. 9 Issuer u Bonds can be classified by the nature of the organizations initially selling them: Corporation Federal, state, and local governments Government agencies Foreign corporations or governments

10. 10 Security u Definition u Unsecured debt u Secured debt

11. 11 Definition u The security of a bond refers to what backs the bond (what collateral reduces the risk of the loan)

12. 12 Unsecured Debt u Governments: Full faith and credit issues (general obligation issues) is government debt without specific assets pledged against it –E.g., U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and bonds

13. 13 Unsecured Debt (cont’d) u Corporations: Debentures are signature loans backed by the good name of the company Subordinated debentures are paid off after original debentures

14. 14 Secured Debt u Municipalities issue: Revenue bonds –Interest and principal are repaid from revenue generated by the project financed by the bond Assessment bonds –Benefit a specific group of people, who pay an assessment to help pay principal and interest

15. 15 Secured Debt (cont’d) u Corporations issue: Mortgages –Well-known securities that use land and buildings as collateral Collateral trust bonds –Backed by other securities Equipment trust certificates –Backed by physical assets

16. 16 Term u The term is the original life of the debt security Short-term securities have a term of one year or less Intermediate-term securities have terms ranging from one year to ten years Long-term securities have terms longer than ten years

17. 17 Terms of Repayment u Interest only u Sinking fund u Balloon u Income bonds

18. 18 Interest Only u Periodic payments are entirely interest u The principal amount of the loan is repaid at maturity

19. 19 Sinking Fund u A sinking fund requires the establishment of a cash reserve for the ultimate repayment of the bond principal The borrower can: –Set aside a potion of the principal amount of the debt each year –Call a certain number of bonds each year

20. 20 Balloon u Balloon loans partially amortize the debt with each payment but repay the bulk of the principal at the end of the life of the debt u Most balloon loans are not marketable

21. 21 Income Bonds u Income bonds pay interest only if the firm earns it u For example, an income bond may be issued to finance an income-producing project

22. 22 Bond Cash Flows u Annuities u Zero coupon bonds u Variable rate bonds u Consols

23. 23 Annuities u An annuity promises a fixed amount on a regular periodic schedule for a finite length of time u Most bonds are annuities plus an ultimate repayment of principal

24. 24 Zero Coupon Bonds u A zero coupon bond has a specific maturity date when it returns the bond principal u A zero coupon bond pays no periodic income The only cash inflow is the par value at maturity

25. 25 Variable Rate Bonds u Variable rate bonds allow the rate to fluctuate in accordance with a market index u For example, U.S. Series EE savings bonds

26. 26 Consols u Consols pay a level rate of interest perpetually: The bond never matures The income stream lasts forever u Consols are not very prevalent in the U.S.

27. 27 Convertible Bonds u Definition u Security-backed bonds u Commodity-backed bonds

28. 28 Definition u A convertible bond gives the bondholder the right to exchange them for another security or for some physical asset u Once conversion occurs, the holder cannot elect to reconvert and regain the original debt security

29. 29 Security-Backed Bonds u Security-backed convertible bonds are convertible into other securities Typically common stock of the company that issued the bonds Occasionally preferred stock of the issuing firm, common stock of another firm, or shares in a subsidiary company

30. 30 Commodity-Backed Bonds u Commodity-backed bonds are convertible into a tangible asset u For example, silver or gold

31. 31 Registration u Bearer bonds u Registered bonds u Book entry bonds

32. 32 Bearer Bonds u Bearer bonds: Do not have the name of the bondholder printed on them Belong to whoever legally holds them Are also called coupon bonds –The bond contains coupons that must be clipped Are no longer issued in the U.S.

33. 33 Registered Bonds u Registered bonds show the bondholder’s name u Registered bondholders receive interest checks in the mail from the issuer

34. 34 Book Entry Bonds u The U.S. Treasury and some corporation issue bonds in book entry form only Holders do not take actual delivery of the bond Potential holders can: –Open an account through the Treasury Direct System at a Federal Reserve Bank –Purchase a bond through a broker

35. 35 Bond Pricing and Returns u Introduction u Valuation equations u Yield to maturity u Realized compound yield u Current yield u Term structure of interest rates u Spot rates

36. 36 Bond Pricing and Returns (cont’d) u The conversion feature u The matter of accrued interest

37. 37 Introduction u The current price of a bond is the market’s estimation of what the expected cash flows are worth in today’s dollars u There is a relationship between: The current bond price The bond’s promised future cash flows The riskiness of the cash flows

38. 38 Valuation equations u Annuities u Zero coupon bonds u Variable rate bonds u Consols

39. 39 Annuities u For a semiannual bond:

40. 40 Annuities (cont’d) u Separating interest and principal components:

41. 41 Annuities (cont’d) Example A bond currently sells for $870, pays $70 per year (Paid semiannually), and has a par value of $1,000. The bond has a term to maturity of ten years. What is the yield to maturity?

42. 42 Annuities (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution: Using a financial calculator and the following input provides the solution: N = 20 PV = $870 PMT = $35 FV = $1,000 CPT I = 4.50 This bond’s yield to maturity is 4.50% x 2 = 9.00%.

43. 43 Zero Coupon Bonds u For a zero-coupon bond (annual and semiannual compounding):

44. 44 Zero Coupon Bonds (cont’d) Example A zero coupon bond has a par value of $1,000 and currently sells for $400. The term to maturity is twenty years. What is the yield to maturity (assume semiannual compounding)?

45. 45 Zero Coupon Bonds (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution:

46. 46 Variable Rate Bonds u The valuation equation must allow for variable cash flows u You cannot determine the precise present value of the cash flows because they are unknown:

47. 47 Consols u Consols are perpetuities:

48. 48 Consols (cont’d) Example A consol is selling for $900 and pays $60 annually in perpetuity. What is this consol’s rate of return?

49. 49 Consols (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution:

50. 50 Yield to Maturity u Yield to maturity captures the total return from an investment Includes income Includes capital gains/losses u The yield to maturity is equivalent to the internal rate of return in corporate finance

51. 51 Realized Compound Yield u The effective annual yield is useful to compare bonds to investments generating income on a different time schedule

52. 52 Realized Compound Yield (cont’d) Example A bond has a yield to maturity of 9.00% and pays interest semiannually. What is this bond’s effective annual rate?

53. 53 Realized Compound Yield (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution:

54. 54 Current Yield u The current yield: Measures only the return associated with the interest payments Does not include the anticipated capital gain or loss resulting from the difference between par value and the purchase price

55. 55 Current Yield (cont’d) u For a discount bond, the yield to maturity is greater than the current yield u For a premium bond, the yield to maturity is less than the current yield

56. 56 Current Yield (cont’d) Example A bond pays annual interest of $70 and has a current price of $870. What is this bond’s current yield?

57. 57 Current Yield (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution: Current yield = $70/$870 = 8.17%

58. 58 Term Structure of Interest Rates u Yield curve u Theories of interest rate structure

59. 59 Yield Curve u The yield curve: Is a graphical representation of the term structure of interest rates Relates years until maturity to the yield to maturity Is typically upward sloping and gets flatter for longer terms to maturity

60. 60 Information Used to Build A Yield Curve

61. 61 Theories of Interest Rate Structure u Expectations theory u Liquidity preference theory u Inflation premium theory

62. 62 Expectations Theory u According to the expectations theory of interest rates, investment opportunities with different time horizons should yield the same return:

63. 63 Expectations Theory (cont’d) Example An investor can purchase a two-year CD at a rate of 5 percent. Alternatively, the investor can purchase two consecutive one-year CDs. The current rate on a one-year CD is 4.75 percent. According to the expectations theory, what is the expected one-year CD rate one year from now?

64. 64 Expectations Theory (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution:

65. 65 Liquidity Preference Theory u Proponents of the liquidity preference theory believe that, in general: Investors prefer to invest short term rather than long term Borrowers must entice lenders to lengthen their investment horizon by paying a premium for long-term money (the liquidity premium) u Under this theory, forward rates are higher than the expected interest rate in a year

66. 66 Inflation Premium Theory u The inflation premium theory states that risk comes from the uncertainty associated with future inflation rates u Investors who commit funds for long periods are bearing more purchasing power risk than short-term investors More inflation risk means longer-term investment will carry a higher yield

67. 67 Spot Rates u Spot rates: Are the yields to maturity of a zero coupon security Are used by the market to value bonds –The yield to maturity is calculated only after learning the bond price –The yield to maturity is an average of the various spot rates over a security’s life

68. 68 Spot Rates (cont’d) Spot Rate Curve Yield to Maturity Time Until the Cash Flow Interest Rate

69. 69 Spot Rates (cont’d) Example A six-month T-bill currently has a yield of 3.00%. A one- year T-note with a 4.20% coupon sells for 102. Use bootstrapping to find the spot rate six months from now.

70. 70 Spot Rates (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution: Use the T-bill rate as the spot rate for the first six months in the valuation equation for the T-note:

71. 71 The Conversion Feature u Convertible bonds give their owners the right to exchange the bonds for a pre-specified amount or shares of stock u The conversion ratio measures the number of shares the bondholder receives when the bond is converted The par value divided by the conversion ratio is the conversion price The current stock price multiplied by the conversion ratio is the conversion value

72. 72 The Conversion Feature (cont’d) u The market price of a bond can never be less than its conversion value u The difference between the bond price and the conversion value is the premium over conversion value Reflects the potential for future increases in the common stock price u Mandatory convertibles convert automatically into common stock after three or four years

73. 73 The Matter of Accrued Interest u Bondholders earn interest each calendar day they hold a bond u Firms mail interest payment checks only twice a year u Accrued interest refers to interest that has accumulated since the last interest payment date but which has not yet been paid

74. 74 The Matter of Accrued Interest (cont’d) u At the end of a payment period, the issuer sends one check for the entire interest to the current bondholder The bond buyer pays the accrued interest to the seller The bond sells receives accrued interest from the bond buyer

75. 75 The Matter of Accrued Interest (cont’d) Example A bond with an 8% coupon rate pays interest on June 1 and December 1. The bond currently sells for $920. What is the total purchase price, including accrued interest, that the buyer of the bond must pay if he purchases the bond on August 10?

76. 76 The Matter of Accrued Interest (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution: The accrued interest for 71 days is: $80/365 x 71 = $15.56 Therefore, the total purchase price is: $920 + $15.56 = $935.56

77. 77 Bond Risk u Price risks u Convenience risks u Malkiel’s interest rate theories u Duration as a measure of interest rate risk

78. 78 Price Risks u Interest rate risk u Default risk

79. 79 Interest Rate Risk u Interest rate risk is the chance of loss because of changing interest rates u The relationship between bond prices and interest rates is inverse If market interest rates rise, the market price of bonds will fall

80. 80 Default Risk u Default risk measures the likelihood that a firm will be unable to pay the principal and interest on a bond u Standard & Poor’s Corporation and Moody’s Investor Service are two leading advisory services monitoring default risk

81. 81 Default Risk (cont’d) u Investment grade bonds are bonds rated BBB or above u Junk bonds are rated below BBB u The lower the grade of a bond, the higher its yield to maturity

82. 82 Convenience Risks u Definition u Call risk u Reinvestment rate risk u Marketability risk

83. 83 Definition u Convenience risk refers to added demands on management time because of: Bond calls The need to reinvest coupon payments The difficulty in trading a bond at a reasonable price because of low marketability

84. 84 Call Risk u If a company calls its bonds, it retires its debt early u Call risk refers to the inconvenience of bondholders associated with a company retiring a bond early Bonds are usually called when interest rates are low

85. 85 Call Risk (cont’d) u Many bond issues have: Call protection –A period of time after the issuance of a bond when the issuer cannot call it A call premium if the issuer calls the bond –Typically begins with an amount equal to one year’s interest and then gradually declining to zero as the bond approaches maturity

86. 86 Reinvestment Rate Risk u Reinvestment rate risk refers to the uncertainty surrounding the rate at which coupon proceeds can be invested u The higher the coupon rate on a bond, the higher its reinvestment rate risk

87. 87 Marketability Risk u Marketability risk refers to the difficulty of trading a bond: Most bonds do not trade in an active secondary market The majority of bond buyers hold bonds until maturity u Low marketability bonds usually carry a wider bid-ask spread

88. 88 Malkiel’s Interest Rate Theorems u Definition u Theorem 1 u Theorem 2 u Theorem 3 u Theorem 4 u Theorem 5

89. 89 Definition u Malkiel’s interest rate theorems provide information about how bond prices change as interest rates change u Any good portfolio manager knows Malkiel’s theorems

90. 90 Theorem 1 u Bond prices move inversely with yields: If interest rates rise, the price of an existing bond declines If interest rates decline, the price of an existing bond increases

91. 91 Theorem 2 u Bonds with longer maturities will fluctuate more if interest rates change u Long-term bonds have more interest rate risk

92. 92 Theorem 3 u Higher coupon bonds have less interest rate risk u Money in hand is a sure thing while the present value of an anticipated future receipt is risky

93. 93 Theorem 4 u When comparing two bonds, the relative importance of Theorem 2 diminishes as the maturities of the two bonds increase u A given time difference in maturities is more important with shorter-term bonds

94. 94 Theorem 5 u Capital gains from an interest rate decline exceed the capital loss from an equivalent interest rate increase

95. 95 Duration as A Measure of Interest Rate Risk u The concept of duration u Calculating duration

96. 96 The Concept of Duration u For a noncallable security: Duration is the weighted average number of years necessary to recover the initial cost of the bond Where the weights reflect the time value of money

97. 97 The Concept of Duration (cont’d) u Duration is a direct measure of interest rate risk: The higher the duration, the higher the interest rate risk

98. 98 Calculating Duration u The traditional duration calculation:

99. 99 Calculating Duration (cont’d) u The closed-end formula for duration:

100. 100 Calculating Duration (cont’d) Example Consider a bond that pays $100 annual interest and has a remaining life of 15 years. The bond currently sells for $985 and has a yield to maturity of 10.20%. What is this bond’s duration?

101. 101 Calculating Duration (cont’d) Example (cont’d) Solution: Using the closed-form formula for duration: