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Thomas Nilsson and Mats Lindroos on behalf of the

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1 The Beta-beam http://beta-beam.web.cern.ch/beta-beam/
Thomas Nilsson and Mats Lindroos on behalf of the The beta-beam study group RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

2 The beta-beam study group
Collaborators The beta-beam study group: CEA, France: Jacques Bouchez, Saclay, Paris Olivier Napoly, Saclay, Paris Jacques Payet, Saclay, Paris CERN, Switzerland: Michael Benedikt, AB Peter Butler, EP Roland Garoby, AB Steven Hancock, AB Ulli Koester, EP Mats Lindroos, AB Matteo Magistris, TIS Thomas Nilsson, EP Fredrik Wenander, AB Geneva University, Switzerland: Alain Blondel Simone Gilardoni GSI, Germany: Oliver Boine-Frankenheim B. Franzke R. Hollinger Markus Steck Peter Spiller Helmuth Weick IFIC, Valencia: Jordi Burguet Juan-Jose Gomez-Cadenas Pilar Hernandez IN2P3, France: Bernard Laune, Orsay, Paris Alex Mueller, Orsay, Paris Pascal Sortais, Grenoble Antonio Villari, GANIL, CAEN Cristina Volpe, Orsay, Paris INFN, Italy: Alberto Facco, Legnaro Mauro Mezzetto, Padua Vittorio Palladino, Napoli Andrea Pisent, Legnaro Piero Zucchelli, Sezione di Ferrara Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium: Thierry Delbar Guido Ryckewaert UK: Marielle Chartier, Liverpool university Chris Prior, RAL and Oxford university Uppsala university, The Svedberg laboratory, Sweden: Dag Reistad Associate: Rick Baartman, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada Andreas Jansson, Fermi lab, USA This are all the participants in the present study. I have a few more names on the mailing list but they are only there to be kept informed. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

3 Outline Neutrino oscillations The beta-beam The super beam Conclusions
Overview The CERN base line scenario The Moriond workshop The super beam Conclusions RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

4 The beta-beam study group
Neutrinos A mass less particle predicted by Pauli to explain the shape of the beta spectrum Exists in at least three flavors (e, m, t) Could have a small mass which could significantly contribute to the mass of the universe The mass could be made up of a combination of mass states If so, the neutrino could “oscillate” between different flavors as it travel along in space Tomas, do what you want with the 2 neutrino physics slides. I think I would have kept them myself. I doubt there will be anyone in the audience that is a specialist in the field and I think the slides are rather “pedagogical”. I taken them from Alain. There is sldie later on CPT violation but I think it fits better in the later context to explain the importance of having all types of neutrinos available for experimenst (numu, nuelectron and their anti-partners). RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

5 Neutrino oscillations
Three neutrino mass states (1,2,3) and three neutrino flavors (e,m,t) OR? Dm223= eV2 Dm212= eV2 n1 n2 n3 q23 (atmospheric) = 450 , q12 (solar) = 300 , q13 (Chooz) < 130 Unknown or poorly known even after approved program: 13 , phase  , sign of Dm13 2 RNB 6 The beta-beam study group A. Blondel

6 The beta-beam study group
Objectives The beta-beam could be one component in the future European Neutrino Physics programme Present a coherent and “realistic” scenario for a beta-beam facility: Use known technology (or reasonable extrapolations of known technology) Use innovations to increase the performance Re-use a maximum of the existing accelerators RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

7 CERN: b-beam baseline scenario
Nuclear Physics Decay ring Brho = 1500 Tm B = 5 T Lss = 2500 m SPL SPS Decay Ring ISOL target & Ion source ECR Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG Foer politiska skael har jag laatit bli att skriva EURISOL och valt att skriva Nuclear Physics istaellet. Energin foer jonerna aer laangt ifraan helt fast-staelld. Gamma=150 foer Helium aer inte ett “magiskt” tal men det aer mest kraevande utifraan accelerator synpunkt saa daerfoer har jag koncentrerat mig paa detta I fortsaettningen. Rapid cycling synchrotron PS RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

8 Beam parameters in the decay ring
6Helium2+ Intensity: x1014 ions Energy: GeV/u Rel. gamma: 150 Rigidity: Tm 18Neon10+ (single target) Intensity: x1012 ions Energy: GeV/u Rel. gamma: 60 Rigidity: Tm The neutrino beam at the experiment should have the “time stamp” of the circulating beam in the decay ring. The beam has to be concentrated to as few and as short bunches as possible to maximize the number of ions/nanosecond. (background suppression) VIKTIGT: Vi har I princip kommit oeverens med vaar kollegor neutrinofysikerna att de kan raekna med en faktor tre mer ( ^12 ioner) Neon men daa anvaender vi tre target EFTER varandra. En mono-jon kaella vid varje target (tre) men sjaelvklart bara en super-duper-ECR kaella (typ Pascal/Fredrik). RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

9 The beta-beam study group
SPL, ISOL and ECR SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Objective: Production, ionization and pre-bunching of ions Challenges: Production of ions with realistic driver beam current Target deterioration Accumulation, ionization and bunching of high currents at very low energies Med Pascal/Fredrik’s super-duper ECR kaella har detta blivit trivialt. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

10 6He production by 9Be(n,a)
Converter technology: (J. Nolen, NPA 701 (2002) 312c) Layout very similar to planned EURISOL converter target aiming for 1015 fissions per s. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

11 The beta-beam study group
Mercury jet converter H.Ravn, U.Koester, J.Lettry, S.Gardoni, A.Fabich RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

12 Production of b+ emitters
Scenario 1 Spallation of close-by target nuclides: 18,19Ne from MgO and 34,35Ar in CaO Production rate for 18Ne is 1x1012 s-1 (with 2.2 GeV 100 mA proton beam, cross-sections of some mb and a 1 m long oxide target of 10% theoretical density) 19Ne can be produced with one order of magnitude higher intensity but the half life is 17 seconds! Scenario 2 alternatively use (,n) and (3He,n) reactions: 12C(3,4He,n)14,15O, 16O(3,4He,n)18,19Ne, 32S(3,4He,n)34,35Ar Intense 3,4He beams of mA 50 MeV are required Baade Neon och helium aer producerat med EURISOLs “lilla” target station foer 100 kW. Igen, foer neon har vi taenkt oss tre targets efter varandra. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

13 60-90 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron » for gaseous RIB
2.0 – 3.0 T pulsed coils or SC coils Very high density magnetized plasma ne ~ 1014 cm-3 Very small plasma chamber F ~ 20 mm / L ~ 5 cm Target Arbitrary distance if gas Rapid pulsed valve 1-3 mm 100 KV extraction 60-90 GHz / KW 10 –200 µs /  = 6-3 mm optical axial coupling UHF window or « glass » chamber (?) 20 – 100 µs 20 – 200 mA 1012 to 1013 ions per bunch with high efficiency OK, haer en bild paa Pascal’s och Fredrik’s monster. Diskutera detaljer med Fredrik. Pascal aer mycket entusiastik foer moejligheterna att detta ska fungera. Jag aer inte saeker paa om det aer en ECR kaella eller en duoplasmatron kaella egentligen? Som sgat, diskutera med Fredrik. Jag tror dessutom att detta kan bli raett anvaendbart foer EURISOL (RIA). Rena kanonkulan paa target I mini-ball! Tala om back-ground supression. Moriond meeting: Pascal Sortais et al. ISN-Grenoble optical radial coupling (if gas only) RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

14 The beta-beam study group
Low-energy stage SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Objective: Fast acceleration of ions and injection Acceleration of 16 batches to 20 MeV/u EURISOL’s linac raett upp-och-ner I dagslaeget. Skulle kunna vara en synchrotron eller FFAG ocksaa (en FFAG aer bara en cyclotron som ser ut som en synchrotron. Magnet faeltet varierar radialt I ringen (Fixed Feld Alternating Gradient). Japanerna aer specialister paa dessa maskiner, saag du naagon I Japan? RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

15 Rapid Cycling Synchrotron and storage ring
SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Objective: Accumulation, bunching (h=1), acceleration and injection into PS Challenges: High radioactive activation of ring Efficiency and maximum acceptable time for injection process Charge exchange injection Multiturn injection Electron cooling or transverse feedback system to counteract beam blow-up? Jag tror att detta kommer att vara en enda ring som aer en kombinerad lagringsring och rapid cycling synchrotron (<20-25 Hz foer att undvika keramiska vakum-roer). Man kan ocksaa taenka sig tvaa olika ringar och daa faar man faktiskt naagot hoegre effektivitet daa man inte behoever vaenta paa accelerationen innan man kan boerja lagra igen. Lagringen sker med “klassisk” multi-turn injection (eller betatron stacking som det ocksaa kallas). Med stoersta sannolikhet aer baade He och Ne helt strippat efetr super ECR kaellan saa det gaar inte att goera “stripping injection” men eftersom ECR kaellan ger en tillraeckligt kort puls saa kan man anvaenda foereslagna klassiska metoder. Naesta steg aer att buncha (klasa saeger man visst paa svenska) straalen som efetr injektionen aer en laang kontinuerlig korv I ringen. Det aer noedvaendigt foer att kunna accelerera I en synchrotron. Sista steget aer acceleration fraan 100 MeV/u till 300 MeV/u. anske vi behover gaa naagot hoegre aen 300 MeV/u foer att underlaetta foer PS att hantera “bunchen”. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

16 Overview: Accumulation
Klicka paa bilden av PS saa startar AVI filmen. Egentligen ska det staa cyclotron, FFAG eller LINAC. Den svarta “pluppen” aer en folie foer laddningsavrivning vid injection. Jag tror inte vi kommer att anvaenda den metdoen men bilden aer “historisk”. Sequential filling of 16 buckets in the PS from the storage ring RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

17 The beta-beam study group
PS SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Accumulation of 16 bunches at 300 MeV/u Acceleration to g=9.2, merging to 8 bunches and injection into the SPS Question marks: High radioactive activation of ring Space charge bottleneck at SPS injection will require a transverse emittance blow-up PS aer nu 43 aar gammal. Den kan anvaendas foer vaart aendamaal men jag hoppas att vi istaellet kan bygga en ny rapid cycling synchrotron som ersaettning foer PS (10-15 Hz). En saadan maskin kommer att vara underbar foer CNGS och LHC och loeser alla vaara aktiveringsproblem. Dessutom kommer det att underlaetta foer injection I SPS. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

18 The beta-beam study group
SPS SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Fast cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Objective: Acceleration of 8 bunches of 6He(2+) to g=150 Acceleration to near transition with a new 40 MHz RF system Transfer of particles to the existing 200 MHz RF system Acceleration to top energy with the 200 MHz RF system Ejection in batches of four to the decay ring Challenges: Transverse acceptance Gamla tro-tjaenaren SPS! Vilket maskin! Inga problem med aktivering haer daa livstiden aer saa laang (*gamma). Tyvaerr har PS naagot liten apertur vilket tvingar oss att dela upp Helium I aatta klasar. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

19 The beta-beam study group
Decay ring SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron or FFAG Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring Objective: Injection of 4 off-momentum bunches on a matched dispersion trajectory Rotation with a quarter turn in longitudinal phase space Asymmetric bunch merging of fresh bunches with particles already in the ring Supra ledande dipoler coh quadru-poler men mer om det senare… Daeremot kan du paapeka att baade he (och soenderfallsprodukten Li) transporteras lika bra I rakstraeckorna saa man kan kollimera bort en hel del av li straalen I foersta dipolen I boerjan paa de tvaa “baagarna”. Samma gaeller foerstaass foer Ne och Flour. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

20 Injection into the decay ring
Bunch merging requires fresh bunch to be injected at ~10 ns distance from stack! Conventional injection with fast elements is excluded. Off-momentum injection on a matched dispersion trajectory. Rotate the fresh bunch in longitudinal phase space by ¼ turn into starting configuration for bunch merging. Relaxed time requirements on injection elements: fast bump brings the orbit close to injection septum, after injection the bump has to collapse within 1 turn in the decay ring (~20 ms). Maximum flexibility for adjusting the relative distance bunch to stack on ns time scale. Det aer tvaa problem man maaste loese. PGA att vi vill ha alla partiklar I ett antal mycket korta bunchar saa maste vi ackumulera. Elektron kylning eller stokastisk kylning fungerar inte vid dessa energier (fungerar teoretiskt saett men med allt foer laanga kyltider, maanga minuter). Problemet med vaar metod (asymmetrisk bunch merging for longitudinal stacking) aer att vi maste faa den nya klasen in I ringen naest intill den gamla. Ingen kicker magnet I vaerlden aer tillraeckligt snabb foer detta saa vi laegger den paa en dispersion orbit istaellet och anvaender RF kaviteter foer att laegga klasarna bredvid varandra paa samma. Detta aer laett att demonstrera I fasrummet (naesta bild). RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

21 The beta-beam study group
Overview: Decay ring Ejection to matched dispersion trajectory Asymmetric bunch merging SPS SPS SPS I den foersta delan av “filmen” ser man vad som haender I vaart tredimensionella rum. Naer klasarna kommer in I decay ringen roterar vi dem I fasrummet (Energi avvikelse fraan medelenergin plottat mot klas laengd I tid) foer att de ska komma I raett laege foer Steve’s fantastiska “asymmetric bunch merging” (naesta bild). RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

22 Asymmetric bunch merging
Foersta bilden visar en simulering av “asymmetric bunch merging” (klicka paa bilden saa startar AVI filmen) medan den andra sekvensen aer en test med riktiga partiklar och “en tomm” klase I CERN PS. Rekonstruktion genom att anvaenda mitt och Steve’s tommografi program foer fasrumstomografi ( Den longitudinella emittansen oekar enbart med storleken av den klase som vi laegger I centrum. Det partiklar som redan var daer trycks utaat saa att man foer en loekskinns struktur med de aeldsta partiklarna laengst ut. Detta aer foerstaas en utmaekt metod att lagra foer kaernfysik experiment I t.ex ESR eller HESR paa GSI. Paa min poster om lagringsringar foer RNB6 har vi precis foereslagit detta. Snaella, saeg detta. S. Hancock RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

23 Asymmetric bunch merging
RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

24 The beta-beam study group
Decay losses Losses during acceleration are being studied: Full FLUKA simulations in progress for all stages (M. Magistris, CERN-TIS) Preliminary results: Can be managed in low energy part PS will be heavily activated New fast cycling PS? SPS OK! Full FLUKA simulations of decay ring losses: Tritium and Sodium production surrounding rock well below national limits Reasonable requirements of concreting of tunnel walls to enable decommissioning of the tunnel and fixation of Tritium and Sodium Du har faatt en kopia av Matteo’s papper. A. Jansson RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

25 The beta-beam study group
SC magnets Dipoles can be built with no coils in the path of the decaying particles to minimize peak power density in superconductor The losses have been simulated and a first dipole design has been proposed Thomas: Neon och Helium boejs aat olika haall saa men denna typ av dipol saa reducerar man bara problemet foer en typ av joner. Antagligen raecker det daa Matteo’s “heat loss” plot visar att den vaerme man skapar kan hanteras med klassiskt supra ledande teknik. Foer phase ett av beta-beam saa taenker vi oss att man anvaender klassiska supraledande magneter och inte LHC typen (superfluid). Naer vi vill uppgradera till Pilar Herenandez super beta-beam facilitet (gamma=400) saa kanske tekniken foer superfluid helium magneter aer saa bra saa att vi kan anvaenda den. En supraldenade magnet som aer “oeppen” paa baegge sidor aer mycket svaar att konstruera men folk foersoeker och kanske vi kan taenkas anvaenda en saadan foer beta-beams. S. Russenschuck, CERN RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

26 The beta-beam study group
Tunnels and Magnets Civil engineering costs: Estimate of 400 MCHF for 1.3% incline (13.9 mrad) Ringlenth: 6850 m, Radius=300 m, Straight sections=2500 m Magnet cost: First estimate at 100 MCHF Med stoersta sannolikhet koster tunneln enbart 200 MCHF (inga stora kammrar foer detektorer och liten lutning) men vi behoever nog perngarna foer en PS ring istaellet. FLUKA simulated losses in surrounding rock RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

27 The beta-beam study group
Intensities Stage 6He 18Ne (single target) From ECR source: 2.0x1013 ions per second 0.8x1011 ions per second Storage ring: 1.0x1012 ions per bunch 4.1x1010 ions per bunch Fast cycling synch: 1.0x1012 ion per bunch 4.1x1010 ion per bunch PS after acceleration: 1.0x1013 ions per batch 5.2x1011 ions per batch SPS after acceleration: 0.9x1013 ions per batch 4.9x1011 ions per batch Decay ring: 2.0x1014 ions in four 10 ns long bunch 9.1x1012 ions in four 10 ns long bunch OK, igen gloemm inte att paapeka att foer neon saa aer detta intensiteten foer en “target”. Vi lovar mer foer fyskerna med med hjaelp att tre target efter varandra. Only b-decay losses accounted for, add efficiency losses (50%) RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

28 The beta-beam study group
New ideas Work in progress on: Multiple targets for Ne production Factor of three considered possible Ne and He in the decay ring simultaneously Low energy beta facility (C. Volpe) GSI, GANIL and CERN (in close detector) RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

29 Ne and He in decay ring simultaneously
Enormous “gain” in counting time Years! Requiring g=150 for He will at equal rigidity result in a g=250 for Ne Physics OK Detector simulation should give “best” compromise Requiring equal revolution time will result in a DR of 20 mm (R0=1090 m) Manageable Tack vare Einstein saa blir skillnaden inte saa stor I beta (hastighet) trots att skillnaden I gamma aer avservaerd. Detta aer samma metod som man taenker sig anvaenda foer att kollidera bly-joner med protoner I LHC. Visserligen har LHC tvaa aperturer men det magnetiska faeltet aer detsamma foer baegge oeppningarna. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

30 Accumulation Ne + He 6He Accumulation (multiplication) factor
8 s SPS cycling 16 s SPS cycling Accumulation (multiplication) factor Time (s) Requires larger long. Acceptance! Det jag foersoeker visa haer aer att om man lagrar baade He och Ne I ringne saa maaste man nog raekna med att det blir laengre mellan pulserna foer var jon-typ. Det goer inte saa mycket eftersom livstiden aer laang foer jonerna vi anvaender och det bara tar laengre tid att naa “jaemvikt” MEN det kommer att innebaera att fasrummet faar laegre densitet (“buckets” blir stoerre) och vi behover mer RF spaenning foer att goera stoerre “buckets”/acceptance. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

31 The beta-beam study group
CERN to FREJUS Geneve Italy 130km 40kt 400kt CERN CERN 2.2GeV, 50Hz, 2.3x1014p/pulse 4MW Now under R&D phase Frejus har en trist hemsida paa . Projektering foer ett nytt Frejus laboratorium paagaar coh naer de om naagra aar boerja borra den nya biltunneln (saekerhetstunnel?) saa maaste beslutet tas. Foer Pilar’s super beta-beam behover man dessutom jaern detektorer. Tyvaerr aer vi ju svurna till tystnad om Pilar’s super beta-beam tills vidare… RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

32 The beta-beam study group
The Super Beam Super-beam aer SPL med Helge’s Hg target. Man behoever ett par ringar paa CERN foer att reducera SPL bunch-length och ackumulera intensitet I enskilda “bunchar”. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

33 Combination of beta beam with low energy super beam
Unique to CERN: combines CP and T violation tests e  m (+) m  e (p+) e  m (-) m  e (p-) T CP Taenk vad man kan goera om man har baade elektron neutrinos (plus anti) och muon neutrinos (plus anti) separat!!! A. Blondel RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

34 Physics reach: CP-violation
OK, mycket omdiskuterat diagram. Faktum aer at Pilar Hernandez haaller paa att goera om den haer figuren (hon gjorde nufact delen). Hon har svurit mig till tystnad men du kan aatminstone paapeka att hon och J-J jobbar paa en ny version. Saa mycket kan jag saega att resultat fraan Pilar’s beraekningar ser inte saemre ut. Hon foereslaar dessutom en super beta-beam faciltet med en uppgraderad SPS och decay ring (gamma=400) och jaern detektorer I Frejus. Tanken aer att vi bygger den om vi inte CP-violation ner till nuvarande beta-beam raeckvid. M. Mezzetto RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

35 Superbeam & Beta Beam cost estimates (NUFACT02)
OK, kanske baets att updatera valutan… Det aer en embedded EXCEL fil. En kommentar, maanga har kritiserat oss foer en hoeg total kostnad (2 miljared CHF) men det aer fortfarande en faktor tvaa minder en en mu nufcat eller NLC. Sjaelv tycker jag beta-beam med superbeam aer laangt mer flexibelt och att det handlar om mer intressant fysik. RNB 6 The beta-beam study group

36 The beta-beam study group
Conclusions Physics: Strong interest from community Super beam, beta-beam and FREJUS: WORLD unique Low energy beta-beam: other sites A concept for the beta-beam exists While, possible solutions have been proposed for all identified bottlenecks we still have problems to overcome but… …you are invited to make proposals for improvements! Design study proposal is now being prepared You are welcome to join (contact Kanske du kan naemna vaar Trento workshop och att beta-beam aer foereslaget att bli del av EURISOL design study? RNB 6 The beta-beam study group


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