1. © Eric Yu 2001 1 Agenda Session 1 – Introduction December 13, 14:30-16:30 Motivations Basic concepts –The Strategic Dependency Model –The Strategic Rationale Model More Examples –Software process modelling –Software architecture –Business redesign Homework

2. © Eric Yu 2001 2

3. 3 The intentional structure of a software process What goals does an actor want others to achieve? What tasks does an actor want others to perform? What resources does an actor want others to furnish? The intentional structure of a software process ismodelled as a network of intentional dependencies among actors – the actor dependency model.

4. © Eric Yu 2001 4 Understanding a software process The “whys” can be traced to motivations, goals, and interests of different participants/ stakeholders in the software process.

5. © Eric Yu 2001 5 Modelling the intentional structure of a (simple) software process

6. © Eric Yu 2001 6 Roles, Agents, and Positions

7. © Eric Yu 2001 7 Software process example from IWSP 6/7

8. © Eric Yu 2001 8 Analyzing opportunities Matching Wants and Abilities

9. © Eric Yu 2001 9 Analyzing vulnerabilities Example of enforcement mechanism –Reciprocal dependency Loop analysis

10. © Eric Yu 2001 10 Analyzing vulnerabilities Example of assurance mechanism –Goal synergy or conflict Node analysis

11. © Eric Yu 2001 11 Agenda Session 1 – Introduction December 13, 14:30-16:30 Motivations Basic concepts –The Strategic Dependency Model –The Strategic Rationale Model More Examples –Software process modelling –Software architecture –Business redesign Homework

12. 12 Modelling software architecture with i* Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business Goals: an Agent and Goal-Oriented Approach. ICSE-2001 Workshop: From Software Requirements to Architectures (STRAW 2001) May 2001. pp. 13-21. Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns. Requirement Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36.

13. © Eric Yu 2001 13 Agents at Design Level

14. © Eric Yu 2001 14 Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business Goals: an Agent and Goal-oriented Approach. STRAW01 at ICSE 2001. Design Reasoning

15. © Eric Yu 2001 15 Goals in Design Patterns Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns. Requirement Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36. The reasoning structure behind the Observer pattern

16. © Eric Yu 2001 16 Agenda Session 1 – Introduction December 13, 14:30-16:30 Motivations Basic concepts –The Strategic Dependency Model –The Strategic Rationale Model More Examples –Software process modelling –Software architecture –Business redesign Homework

17. 17 Strategic Modelling for Enterprise Integration Eric Yu University of Toronto 14th World Congress International Federation of Automatic Control July 5-9, 1999 Beijing China

18. © Eric Yu 2001 18 Consider one very successful enterprise... important organizational and social aspects are missing in conventional models

19. © Eric Yu 2001 19 A Strategic Dependency Model actor goal dependency task dependency resource dependency softgoal dependency LEGEND

20. © Eric Yu 2001 20 Wants and Abilities I want... I can provide...

21. © Eric Yu 2001 21 Some strategic dependencies between IKEA and its customers

22. © Eric Yu 2001 22 A Strategic Rationale Model

23. © Eric Yu 2001 23 Roles, Positions, Agents A Strategic Dependency model showing reward structure for improving performance, based on an example in [Majchrzak96] agent position role LEGEND

24. © Eric Yu 2001 24 Agenda Session 1 – Introduction December 13, 14:30-16:30 Motivations Basic concepts –The Strategic Dependency Model –The Strategic Rationale Model More Examples –Software process modelling –Software architecture –Business redesign HomeworkHomework

25. © Eric Yu 2001 25 Homework exercise: Work out a small i* modelling example from your own experience At least 2 SD models (before vs. after, or as-is vs. to-be) and an SR model showing the reasoning behind the change. Pick an area that you know well, or have thought about recently. Characteristics to look for: –2 or more actors (possibly with multiple roles) –Different strategic interests, possibly conflicting –Some freedom of action in operational processes

26. © Eric Yu 2001 26 Example areas (just to get your imagination going…) E-business models – clicks vs. bricks, B2C, B2B Educational systems, organizational structures – online vs. classroom learning Healthcare – payment methods, prevention vs. treatment Government/administrative processes – multi-step approval processes, can they be concurrent? Financial services – linking to purchase patterns? Food production, preparation, delivery, consumption – cultural preferences, differences. Eg. Pizza online? Entertainment – personalized video programming? Transportation – parking & traffic congestion Publishing – e-books, e-journals…

27. © Eric Yu 2001 27 Once you have a basic model… (an as-is SD, and an initial SR) Consider whether these are applicable: –Producer/consumer relationships What do they want from each other? –Regulators, evaluators, … - why are they needed? –Intermediaries, eg. Brokers –Markets vs. hierarchies –Roles vs. holders of roles For ideas about alternative SD’s, consider: –Eliminating or adding actors (eg. Intermediaries) –Shifting responsibilities between 2 actors (move up/down along means-ends chain) –Changing the dependency type (eg. Softgoal to hardgoal) –Reassigning roles to different agents/positions

28. © Eric Yu 2001 28 Further ideas about sources of disturbances prompting change New technologies – Internet, mobile phone, GIS, web services, digital imaging, …. New knowhow, techniques – preventive healthcare… Migration of people, with knowhow, attitudes, resources – gain/loss Changes in attitudes – eg. Notions of quality, safety… Changes in supply/demand of important resources – eg. Oil, time – abrupt change or critical limits Changes in legislation, policies, authorities, standards, dominant players, …