1. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 On Improving Measures of Outputs and Outcomes in Health Care  what do we want to know?  outputs – why bother ?  outcomes – absolutely !  context (“awkward facts” ?)  the SNA / productivity approach  alternative approaches – person-level health and health care trajectories Michael Wolfson, Statistics Canada

2. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (blank)

3. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 What Do We Want to Know? (in the context of “outputs” and “outcomes”)  are our health care (or health more generally) dollars being spent efficiently and effectively  what changes in the way we allocate health dollars would improve the health status of the Canadian population  what kinds of institutional structures are most likely to lead to cost-effective use of scarce health dollars

4. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (total health spending as pct GDP) “Health care costs 10% of GDP”

5. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Health Spending, 2006 (estimated, $ billions, Source: CIHI)

6. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Example – Capital Health (Edmonton Alberta) Institutional Structure  11 hospitals  6 community health / primary care centres  1 rehab centre  1 specialized heart institute  10 community mental health clinics  36 continuing care facilities  29 public health establishments (including specialized units for birth control, immunization, STDs, TB, and travellers)  37 patient labs  69 physiotherapy clinics  17 x-ray clinics

7. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output

8. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output

9. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output

10. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output inefficient

11. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output “flat of the curve” inefficient

12. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Economics 101 input output “flat of the curve”

13. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (Tu et al on Coronary Surgery) n.b. virtually no differences in one year survival; but no data on differences in health-related QoL e.g. almost 17x, with no benefits?

14. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (fisher 1) Medicare Spending Varies Widely Across the U.S., both per capita, and using an “end of life” spending index Fisher et al., 2003

15. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (fisher 2) Q1 to Q5: quintiles (fifths) of “hospital referral regions” with increasing levels of an index of Medicare spending (based on “end of life” expenditures) Cohorts: subsets of the Medicare population with selected conditions (MCBS = Medicare Beneficiary Survey) Conclusion: if anything, more spending increases mortality Source: Fisher et al, 2003

16. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Underlying Person-Oriented Information (POI) for Heart Attack / Revascularization Analysis Heart Attack (AMI) Treatment (revascularization = bypass or angioplasty) Death one year observation window one year follow-up window (excluded)

17. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Heart Attack Patients in Large Health Regions – Treatment and 30 Day Mortality Rates (%) – 1995/96 to 2003/04 1995/96 2003/04

18. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 SNA Approach: Treat Public Sector Activities the Same as the Private Sector  Define (i.e. make up) “Outputs” ???“Profits” Inputs (total $) Commercial Sector Public Sector Outputs (total $) Industries

19. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Why the SNA Approach is Problematic  “outputs” do not exist naturally in publicly provided health care  we certainly can count “activities”, like numbers of vaccinations (probably all useful) and numbers of coronary procedures (recall earlier slide!)  but outcomes of interventions should clearly be the objective of systematic and routine measurement  productivity is obviously important  but high “productivity” in doing useless or iatrogenic activities is bad  remember the three “E’s”: efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency; no point measuring efficiency unless we know efficacy and effectiveness

20. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Simple Weather Forecast

21. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Detailed Cloud Forecast

22. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Definition - Health Outcome health status “before” health status “after” health intervention other factors health outcome  change in health status attributable to a health intervention (for an individual)

23. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Stat Can / CIHI Outcomes Analysis Framework

24. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 E. A. Codman and W.E. Deming  Codman: early 1900s Boston surgeon  famous for “End Results Cards” – to keep track of surgical patients and follow them up one year later to  observe outcomes  systematically learn from experience  100 years later: not yet implemented in health care  Deming: post WW II concern with product quality in manufacturing  father of the field of statistical process quality control  50 years later: not yet implemented in health care

25. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 “Wall of Ignorance”

26. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Platitudes? You can’t manage what you can’t measure You get what you measure “Don’t ask how many (health care) events per pound; ask how much health per pound.” D. Berwick, BMJ 2005

27. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Vision – Coherent, Integrated Statistical System Broad Summary Indicators Regional Indicators / Planning Info Facility Management Information / Unit Costs Basic Encounter Data / Health Surveys Health Accounts / Simulation Models

28. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 (blank)

29. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Hospital 65+ Patient Co-morbidity CHF High BPCPDDiab'sCaRA etc.PsychDeprn number (000's)111237128125101162030 pct of all16.435.018.918.514.92.33.04.5 cond'n only (%)23.737.728.022.847.827.726.024.0 cond'n +137.137.638.041.931.036.335.135.0 cond'n +227.518.423.725.215.223.524.625.6 cond'n +39.95.48.78.54.89.610.611.6 based on 676,508 hospital inpatient discharges across 10 provinces in 2001/2

30. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 The SNA Approach(es), or “Let us Assume…” Economics  “Measures of productivity growth constitute core indicators for the analysis of economic growth.”  “desirable characteristics of productivity measures (are defined) by reference to a coherent framework that links economic theory and index number theory … much of the underlying methodology relies on the theory of production and on the assumption that there are similar production activities across units of observation (firms or establishments).” from “Measuring Productivity, OECD Manual”, 2001

31. 6/1/2015 10:13 AM CMA Ottawa October 2007 Definition – Productivity (“standard” economics and SNA)  the economy has myriad productive agents (firms)  each of whom uses inputs = total capital services + total labour services (factors of production)  to produce outputs (goods and services) summing to GDP  everything is measured in $ -- with the total being (conceptually) the sum of unit prices x quantities  but over time, prices (p’s) change, and this is not “real”  and quantities (q’s) change e.g. in terms of “quality”  to measure productivity, time series of outputs and inputs are constructed  taking out “pure” price changes, and  adjusting for improvements in quality  so that  productivity =  output – sum {  inputs }