1. Communication Chapter 2

2. Layered Protocols (1) Layers, interfaces, and protocols in the OSI model. 2-1 Physical: voltage, transmission rate, mechanical, functional, and electrical specs,…e.g. RS-232-C Data link: reliable link-level communication (framing, CRC) e.g. HDLC Network: routing e.g. IP, ATM VC Transport: reliable end-to-end communication e.g. TCP, UDP Session: checkpointing, synchronization Presentation: data formats, codes Application: FTP, HTTP, SMTP, SNMP etc.

3. Layered Protocols (2) A typical message as it appears on the network. 2-2

4. Data Link Layer Discussion between a receiver and a sender in the data link layer. 2-3

5. Client-Server TCP a)Normal operation of TCP. b)Transactional TCP. 2-4

6. Middleware Protocols An adapted reference model for networked communication. 2-5 RPC, ROI, Messages, Streams

7. Conventional Procedure Call Call: count = read(fd, buf, bytes); a) Parameter passing in a local procedure call: the stack before the call to read b) The stack while the called procedure is active Issues: call-by-value/reference or copy/restore?

8. Client and Server Stubs for RPC Principle of RPC between a client and server program.

9. Steps of a Remote Procedure Call 1.Client procedure calls client stub in normal way 2.Client stub builds message, calls local OS 3.Client's OS sends message to remote OS 4.Remote OS gives message to server stub 5.Server stub unpacks parameters, calls server 6.Server does work, returns result to the stub 7.Server stub packs it in message, calls local OS 8.Server's OS sends message to client's OS 9.Client's OS gives message to client stub 10.Stub unpacks result, returns to client

10. Passing Value Parameters (1) Steps involved in doing remote computation through RPC 2-8

11. Passing Value Parameters (2) The little numbers in boxes indicate the address of each byte a) Original message on the Pentium (little endian, left to right) b) The message after receipt on the SPARC (big endian) SPARC would read: 5.10 24 (incorrect) and “JILL” (correct) c)The message after being inverted. SPARC would read: 5 (correct) and “LLIJ” (incorrect)  More information is needed

12. Passing Reference Parameters Reference parameters like pointers are more complicated to handle Solution: Use call-by-copy/restore instead of call-by-reference However: Only useful for simple referenced data Not useful as a general solution like when using pointers to pointers or pointers to complex data structures The server stub may request the data when they are needed Distinction between input and output parameters can raise performance

13. Parameter Specification and Stub Generation RPC protocol agreements include questions like: How many bytes for each data type? (here 4) Big or little endian? Data representation? (e.g. 1’s or 2’s complement, IEEE 754) Transport service: connectionless or connection-oriented? Stub Generation: Using and IDL compiler corresponding message

14. Doors The principle of using doors as IPC mechanism.

15. Asynchronous RPC (1) a)The interconnection between client and server in a traditional RPC b)The interaction using asynchronous RPC (useful when RPC does not have a return value e.g. void functions) 2-12

16. Asynchronous RPC (2) (deferred synchronous) A client and server interacting through two asynchronous RPCs  Another form: client does not wait for acceptance (one-way RPC) 2-13

17. Writing a Client and a Server in DCE The steps in writing a client and a server in DCE RPC. 2-14

18. Binding a Client to a Server Client-to-server binding in DCE. RPC semantics: At-most-once operation: repetitions are impermissible (e.g. after a crash) Idempotent operation: repetition allowed (e.g. read) 2-15 (Server, Machine Address) (/video/movie, 123.45.67.01) … 123.45.67.01 1024 (Server, Port) (/video/movie, 1024) … Daemon e.g.@ port 110

19. Distributed Objects Common organization of a remote object with client-side proxy.  Object: compile-time (i.e. language-based) or run-time (e.g. built using an adaptor/wrapper) object  Distributed object: state may be also distributed  Remote object: only interfaces are replicated 2-16

20. Binding a Client to an Object a)(a) Example with implicit binding using only global references b)(b) Example with explicit binding using global and local references Binding: a proxy is placed within the address space of the client Object References: global and unique e.g. based on: (1) machine address + port + object ID: (-) port may change after crashes (2) machine address + server ID + object ID: (+) survives crashes (-) fixed location (3) machine address of location server + server ID + object ID: (-) not scalable Distr_object* obj_ref; //Declare a systemwide object reference obj_ref = …; //Initialize the reference to a distributed object obj_ref  do_something();// Implicitly bind and invoke a method (a) Distr_object obj_ref;//Declare a systemwide object reference Local_object* obj_ptr;//Declare a pointer to local objects obj_ref = …;//Initialize the reference to a distributed object obj_ptr = bind(obj_ref);//Explicitly bind and obtain a pointer to the local proxy obj_ptr  do_something();//Invoke a method on the local proxy (b)

21. Static versus Dynamic Remote Method Invocation a) Remote Method Invocation (RMI): Similar to RPC in marshalling and parameter passing Global object references (unlike RPC) Potentially, a developer can design object-specific proxies (unlike RPC) b) Static RMI: Using IDL or language-based (JAVA can generate stubs automatically) Interfaces are known prior to development (hardwired in client) Interface changes mean that client has to be recompiled c) Dynamic RMI: Using IDL Interfaces may be unknown at development time Dynamic invocation: invoke(object, methodName, inputParameters, outputParameters) Interface changes do not mean a client recompilation (rather run-time errors) Object References: global and unique e.g. based on: (1) machine address + port + object ID: (-) port may change after crashes (2) machine address + server ID + object ID: (+) survives crashes (-) fixed location (3) machine address of location server + server ID + object ID: (-) not scalable

22. Parameter Passing The situation when passing an object by reference or by value. L1: passed by value (local reference) R1: passed by reference (remote reference) 2-18

23. The DCE Distributed-Object Model (Distributed objects are an extension in DCE) a)Distributed dynamic objects in DCE (client creates them - via RPC - at run-time) b)Distributed named objects (server publishes them – in a directory - for use)

24. Java RMI a)Only remote objects (state not distributed) b)Fully integrated in the Java language (stub generation) c)Differences between local and remote objects in Java: Cloning: Remote objects cannot be cloned by clients. Only the server possessing the object can clone it, proxies are not cloned. Synchronization: Only proxies can be blocked on. The remote object (in the server) cannot be protected against simultaneous access by the mere use of synchronized methods. Parameter passing: local objects: by value remote objects: by reference d)Object serialization (marshalling) Most objects can be serialized except platform-dependent ones like file descriptors, sockets, and so on. Proxies are also serializable!  can be used as object references and passed to other clients.

25. Message-oriented Communication Persistence and Synchronicity in Communication (1) General organization of a communication system in which hosts are connected through a network 2-20

26. Persistent communication of letters back in the days of the Pony Express. Persistent communication: Message is stored in communication system until submission to receiver (e.g. Email system). Sender/receiver need not be active during message delivery. Transient communication: Message is discarded if receiver is inactive (non-persistent) Synchronous communication: Sender blocks until message reaches receiver. Asynchronous communication: Sender continues (immediately) after submitting its message. Persistence and Synchronicity in Communication (2)

27. Persistence and Synchronicity in Communication (3) a)Persistent asynchronous communication (e.g. email) b)Persistent synchronous communication 2-22.1

28. Persistence and Synchronicity in Communication (4) c)Transient asynchronous communication (e.g. UDP datagrams) d)Receipt-based transient synchronous communication 2-22.2

29. Persistence and Synchronicity in Communication (5) e)Delivery-based transient synchronous communication at message delivery. Sender waits until message is delivered to receiver. (e.g. asynchronous RPC) f)Response-based transient synchronous communication. Sender waits until the receiver already processed message and delivered the reply (e.g. C/S interaction, RPC, RMI)

30. Message-oriented Transient Communication Berkeley Sockets (1) Socket primitives for TCP/IP. PrimitiveMeaning SocketCreate a new communication endpoint BindAttach a local address to a socket ListenAnnounce willingness to accept connections AcceptBlock caller until a connection request arrives ConnectActively attempt to establish a connection SendSend some data over the connection ReceiveReceive some data over the connection CloseRelease the connection

31. Berkeley Sockets (2) Connection-oriented communication pattern using sockets.

32. The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) Some of the most intuitive message-passing primitives of MPI.  MPI is designed for multicomputers (parallel systems)  Supports group communication PrimitiveMeaning MPI_bsend Append outgoing message to a local send buffer (asynchronous) MPI_send Send a message and wait until copied to local or remote buffer (delivery/receipt- based) MPI_ssend Send a message and wait until receipt starts (delivery-based) MPI_sendrecv Send a message and wait for reply (response-based) MPI_isend Pass reference to outgoing message, and continue MPI_issend Pass reference to outgoing message, and wait until receipt starts MPI_recv Receive a message; block if there are none MPI_irecv Check if there is an incoming message, but do not block

33. Message-Queuing Systems (1) (also called MOM: message-oriented middleware) Four combinations for loosely-coupled communications using queues. (persistent asynchronous communication) 2-26

34. Message-Queuing Model (2) Basic interface to a queue in a message-queuing system. Traditional example: email However: MOM does more: - is targeted to applications and users (not only users) - is more generic (cf. filtering emails) - promotes application goals such as fault-tolerance, load balancing, guaranteed delivery, priorities etc. - In fact email systems could make use of MOM but MOM supports database, workflow mgmt, groupware, and batch processing applications as well PrimitiveMeaning PutAppend a message to a specified queue GetBlock until the specified queue is nonempty, and remove the first message PollCheck a specified queue for messages, and remove the first. Never block. Notify Install a handler to be called when a message is put into the specified queue.

35. General Architecture of a Message-Queuing System (1) The relationship between queue-level addressing and network-level addressing. e.g. 127.23.45.01

36. General Architecture of a Message-Queuing System (2) The general organization of a message-queuing system with routers. (routers know the network topology) 2-29

37. Message Brokers The general organization of a message broker in a message-queuing system. Broker: conversion between different message formats (  interoperability) 2-30

38. Example: IBM MQSeries General organization of IBM's MQSeries message-queuing system. (used with financial mainframes e.g. banks) MCA: message channel agent Channel: a (TCP) connection between 2 MCAs 2-31

39. Channels in IBM MQSeries Some attributes associated with message channel agents. AttributeDescription Transport typeDetermines the transport protocol to be used FIFO deliveryIndicates that messages are to be delivered in the order they are sent Message lengthMaximum length of a single message Setup retry count Specifies maximum number of retries to start up the remote MCA Delivery retriesMaximum times MCA will try to put received message into queue

40. Message Transfer (1) IBM MQSeries The general organization of an MQSeries queuing network using routing tables and aliases. (QM: Queue Manager, SQ: Send Queue, LA: Local Alias)

41. Message Transfer (2) IBM MQSeries Basic Primitives available in an IBM MQSeries MQI PrimitiveDescription MQopenOpen a (possibly remote) queue MQcloseClose a queue MQputPut a message into an opened queue MQgetGet a message from a (local) queue

42. Data Stream (1) Setting up a stream between two processes across a network.

43. Data Stream (2) Setting up a stream directly between two devices. 2-35.2

44. Data Stream (3) An example of multicasting a stream to several receivers. Transmission: –Asynchronous: data units are temporally independent (e.g. text) –Synchronous: there is a max. end-to-end delay for each data unit –Isochronous: min. and max. delays = jitter (e.g. continuous media)

45. Specifying QoS (1) A flow specification. Characteristics of the InputService Required maximum data unit size (bytes) Token bucket rate (bytes/sec) Toke bucket size (bytes) Maximum transmission rate (bytes/sec) Loss sensitivity (bytes) Loss interval (  sec) Burst loss sensitivity (data units) Minimum delay noticed (  sec) Maximum delay variation (  sec) Quality of guarantee

46. Specifying QoS (2) The principle of a token bucket algorithm.

47. Setting Up a Stream The basic organization of RSVP for resource reservation in a distributed system. Data link layer: (frame) priorities ATM: QoS parameters (min./max. rate, max. jitter,..)

48. Synchronization Mechanisms (1) The principle of explicit synchronization on the level data units.

49. Synchronization Mechanisms (2) The principle of synchronization as supported by high-level interfaces. 2-41