1. QoS and Video Delivery Presented by Wei Wei

2. Internet QoS: A Big Picture [1][2][3][4] Current Internet approach Best effort No guarantees Need of providing QoS for video applications

3. Introduction Integrated Services (InteServ) and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Differentiated Service (DiffServ) Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering and Constraint Based Routing

4. InteServ and RSVP Philosophy Behind Routers have to be able to reserve resources to provide special QoS for specific user packet streams Four components of IntServ Model The signaling protocol (e.g. RSVP) The admission control routine The classifier The packet scheduler

5. InteServ and RSVP How RSVP works?

6. InteServ and RSVP Sender sends a PATH Message to the receiver specifying the characteristics of the traffic Every intermediate router along the path forwards the PATH Message to the next hop determined by the routing protocol The receiver responds with a RESV Message to request resources for the flow

7. InteServ and RSVP Every intermediate router along the path can reject or accept the request of the RESV Message  Rejected, the router send an error message to the receiver, the signaling process will terminate  Accepted, Resources (link bandwidth and buffer space) are allocated for the flow and the related flow state information will be installed in the router

8. InteServ and RSVP Admission control Decide whether a request for resources can be granted Classifier When a router receives a packet, the classifier will perform a Multi-Field (MF) classification and put the packet in a specific queue based on the classification result Packet scheduler Schedule the packet accordingly to meet its QoS requirements

9. InteServ and RSVP Problems – Not scalable Huge storage and processing overhead on the routers The amount of state information increases proportionally with the number of flows –Requirement on routers is high All routers must implement RSVP, admission control, MF classification, and packet scheduling

10. DiffServ Main Idea –Push all complex functions to the edge routers Edge routers are responsible for multi-field classification and translating that into a DSCP Core routers treat packets through DS field –Marking the DS fields of packets differently, then handling packets based on their DS fields

11. DiffServ Architecture

12. DiffServ Architecture –Ingress routers Police/shape traffic Set Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) in Diffserv (DS) field –Core routers Implement Per Hop Behavior (PHB) for each DSCP Process packets based on DSCP

13. DiffServ Two types of service –Assured service –Premium service Plus, best-effort service

14. DiffServ Assured Service –Defined in terms of user profile, how much assured traffic is a user allowed to inject into the network –Network: provides a lower loss rate than best-effort In case of congestion best-effort packets are dropped first –User: sends no more assured traffic than its profile If it sends more, the excess traffic is converted to best-effort

15. DiffServ Premium service –Provides the abstraction of a virtual pipe between an ingress and an egress router –Network: guarantees that premium packets are not dropped and they experience low delay –User: does not send more than the size of the pipe If it sends more, excess traffic is delayed, and dropped when buffer overflows

16. DiffServ Advantage –Scalable Edge routers maintain per aggregate state Core routers maintain state only for a few traffic classes –Easy implementation Incremental deployment is possible for Assured Forwarding Disadvantage –Provide weaker service than InteServ

17. MPLS Label Switching –Header of the packet contains a label that is used to advance the packet toward its destination –The label simplifies the forwarding decision a node must make for the packet A group of packets forwarded in the same manner are said to belong to the same Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

18. MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) –Within an MPLS domain, a path is set up for a given packet to travel based on a Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) –The LSP is set up prior to data transmission

19. MPLS MPLS improves packet forwarding performance –Enhances and simplifies packet forwarding through routers that use layer-2 switching –Simplicity allows for easy implementation MPLS supports QoS for service differentiation – Use traffic-engineered path set-up and support QoS guarantees –Classification and QoS service are determined by the labels

20. Traffic Engineering and Constraint-Based Routing Traffic Engineering is the process of arranging how traffic flows through the network so that congestion caused by uneven network utilization can be avoided Constraint-Based Routing is used to compute routes that are subject to multiple constraints.

21. Traffic Engineering Network congestion can be caused by lack of network resources or by uneven distribution of traffic –In the first case, all routers and links are overloaded and the only solution is to provide more resources by upgrading the infrastructure –In the second case, uneven traffic distribution can be caused by the current Dynamic Routing protocols such as RIP and OSPF, because they always select the shortest paths to forward packets –Traffic Engineering can be utilized to avoid congestion or to provide graceful degradation in case of congestion

22. Constraint-Based Routing Constraint-Based Routing with DiffServ –Select routes for flows so that their QoS requirements are most likely to be met Constraint-Based Routing with RSVP –Select the path for RSVP messages Constraint-Based Routing with MPLS –MPLS is a forwarding scheme and constraint- based routing is a routing scheme

23. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery [5] focuses on how the quality of service of video delivery is perceived by the end user What may affect the QoS –Encoding: Aritifacts and Delays All lossy compression schemes both distort and delay the signal Degradations come from quantization. Generally, the higher the quantization step, the higher the degradation. The amount of delay introduced is related to the size of encoding buffer. The bigger the buffer, the smoother the bit rate may become, but it is at the expense of higher delay. Trade-off

24. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery –Transmission: Loss and Delay The quality degradation caused by data loss depends on the importance of the lost information type. Spatial propagation: variable-length coding Temporal propagation: I- P- frame How to Improve QoS –Encoder side: Adaptive Quantization: allocate more bits to more important part. Syntatic protection: increase resynchronization point to reduce spatial and temporal error propagation.

25. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery –Layered coding: Video can be encoded into different layers, and each layer has different importance to the video quality. Unequal error protection: add more FEC to the more important layer DiffServ Network: classify video signal into different service class, and let the more important data receive higher service Rate Adaptation: adapt to the varying channel

26. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery Network Adaptation –ARQ: causes delay –FEC: constant overhead –Hybrid ARQ and FEC Decoder side –Error Concealment Techniques: spatial interpolation, temporal interpolation

27. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery How to measure QoS –A popular metric is PSNR. Unfortunately, a higher PSNR does not mean a higher quality. –Metirc based on the properties of the human visual system: metric based on a subjective rating function obtained by psychovisual experiments metrics relying on a model of the human visual system (Sarnoff JND Vision Model, moving pictures quality metric (MPQM) and PDM )

28. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery The Perceptual Impact of MPEG-2 Rate and Data Loss –The Impact of Encoding Rate on Video Quality The perceptual video quality increases as the bit rate increases, but it will saturate at some high bit rate point

29. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery

30. The Impact of Data Loss on Video Quality –The video quality first remains constant with PLR. Then, beyond a certain PLR, the perceptual quality drops fast.

31. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery

32. Joint Impact Analysis –The relation between quality and the encoding bit rate for a given nonzero PLR exhibits like Fig. 17. Video quality first increases with the average bit rate and then decreases after a certain point.

33. User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery

34. Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks [6] Key points: –Concept of Softness QoS –Client QoS renegotiation

35. Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks Softness refers to the ability of an application to gracefully scale its performance using the available network bandwidth. Appropriate QoS parameters specific to the network layer are negotiated at connection setup. Support terminal-initiated renegotiation for bandwidth on demand.

36. Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks Advantages: –Lower service blocking probability –Achieve network efficiency, while maintaining an acceptable application-level performance. Disadvantages: –Increase setup delay

37. Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks System Model –Data Plane: Client: –Buffer: stores packets until the decoder is ready to process them, smooth the display rate. –Decoding and display modules: error concealment module, Server –Source rate control module: adjust video’s rate to match the available bandwidth. –Rate shaper: shapes the traffic to make sure that it fits the traffic profile provided by the network

38. Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks –Control Plane: Client –specify the terminal and the application requirements, and set up “QoS contract” Server –bandwidth renegotiation with the network control to maintain the clients “QoS contract” Network –Connection admission: –Bandwidth (re)allocation:

39. QoS-Sensitive Flows [7] Concentrate on the issues and principles concerning router modification to provide QoS support in IP network –Packet marking –Packet classification –Scheduling and Queue Management –Traffic descriptions and Admission Control

40. A Management and Control Architecture for Providing IP Differentiated Services in MPLS-Based Networks [8] Current DiffServ approach concentrates on control/data plane mechanisms to support QoS, while this paper focuses on management plane to support Diffserv- based QoS.

41. A Management and Control Architecture for Providing IP Differentiated Services in MPLS-Based Networks Standalization of definition of Service-level Specifications (SLS) Architecture –SLS Management Subscribing and negotiating SLSs with users or other peer ASs and performs admission control for the dynamic request of subscribed SLSs

42. A Management and Control Architecture for Providing IP Differentiated Services in MPLS-Based Networks –Traffic Engineering Selecting paths that are capable of meeting the QoS requirements for a given traffic demand. –Policy management

43. Conclusions How to Provide QoS in current Internet? –Trying to make “some changes” to the current routers to achieve some kind of QoS User-Oriented QoS –There exists gap between the provision of network- level QoS and the actual QoS requirements of applications. This gap causes distributed multimedia applications to inefficiently use network bandwidth, leading to poor end-to-end system performance.

44. References [1] X. Xiao, et al. “Internet QoS: A Big Picture”, IEEE Network, Mar/April 1999 [2] L. Zhang, et al. "RSVP: A New Resource Reservation Protocol", IEEE Communications Magazine, 31(9):8-18, September 1993 [3] R. Braden, et al. "Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC 1633, June 1994 [4] K. Nichols, et al. "A Two-bit Differentiated Services Architecture for the Internet",

45. References [5] O. Verscheure, et al. “User-Oriented QoS in Packet Video Delivery”, IEEE Network, Nov./Dec. 1998, pp. 12-21 [6] D. Reininger, et al. “A Dynamic Quality of Service Framework for Video in Broadband Networks,” IEEE Network, Nov./Dec. 1998, pp. 22-34 [7] S.N. Bhatti, et al. “QoS-Sensitive Flows: Issues in IP Packet Handling”, IEEE Internet Computing, Jul./Aug. 2000, pp. 48-57 [8] P. Trimintzios, et al. “A Management and Control Architecture for Providing IP Differentiated Services in MPLS-Based Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2001, pp. 80-88