1. The 21st Century Internet: A Planetary-Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors Invited Talk in Intel’s Forum and Seminar Series Hillsboro, OR February 19, 2002 Larry Smarr Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

2. The 21st Century Internet: A Planetary-Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors After twenty years, the "S-curve" of building out the wired internet with hundreds of millions of PCs as its end points is flattening out. At the same time, several new "S- curves" are reaching their steep slope as ubiquitous computing begins to sweep the planet. As a result there will be a vast expansion in heterogeneous end-points to a new wireless internet, moving IP throughout the physical world. Billions of internet connected cell phones, embedded processors, hand held devices, sensors, and actuators will lead to radical new applications. The resulting vast increase in data streams, augmented by the advent of mass market broadband to homes and businesses, will drive the backbone of the internet to an optical lambda-switched network of tremendous capacity. Powering this global grid, will be Intel processors, arranged in various size "lumps." At the high end will be very large tightly coupled IA- 64 clusters, exemplified by the new NSF TeraGrid. The next level will be optically connected IA-32 PC clusters, I have termed OptIPuters. Forming the floor of the pyramid of power will be peer-to-peer computing and storage, which will increasingly turn the individual Intel PC "dark matter" of the Grid into a vast universal power source for this emergent planetary computer. More speculative will be possible peer-to-peer wireless links of hand-held and embedded processors such as the Intel StrongARM Pocket PC processor. I will describe how the newly formed Cal-(IT)2 Institute is organizing research in each of these areas. Large scale "Laboratories for Living in the Future" are being designed, some of which provide opportunities for collaboration with Intel researchers.

3. Governor Davis Has Initiated Four New Institutes for Science and Innovation UCSB UCLA California NanoSystems Institute UCSF UCB California Institute for Bioengineering, Biotechnology, and Quantitative Biomedical Research UCI UCSD California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society UCSC UCD UCM www.ucop.edu/california-institutes

4. Cal-(IT) 2 Has Over Sixty Industrial Sponsors From a Broad Range of Industries Akamai Technologies Inc. AMCC Ampersand Ventures Arch Venture Partners The Boeing Company Broadcom Corporation Conexant Systems, Inc. Connexion by Boeing Cox Communications DaimlerChrylser Diamondhead Ventures Dupont iTechnologies Emulex Corporation Enosys Markets Enterprise Partners VC Entropia, Inc. Ericsson Wireless Comm. ESRI Extreme Networks Global Photon Systems Graviton IBM Interactive Vis. Systems IdeaEdge Ventures The Irvine Company Intersil Corporation Computers Communications Software Sensors Biomedical Automotive Startups Venture Capital Oracle Orincon Industries Panoram Technologies Polexis Printronix QUALCOMM Incorporated R.W. Johnson Pharma. R.I. SAIC Samueli, Henry (Broadcom) SBC Communications San Diego Telecom Council SciFrame, Inc. Seagate Storage Products SGI Silicon Wave Sony STMicroelectronics, Inc. Sun Microsystems TeraBurst Networks Texas Instruments Time Domain Toyota UCSD Healthcare The Unwired Fund Volkswagen WebEx Irvine Sensors Corporation JMI, Inc. Leap Wireless International Link, William J. (Versant Ventures) Litton Industries, Inc. MedExpert International Merck Microsoft Corporation Mindspeed Technologies Mission Ventures NCR Newport Corporation Nissan Motors $140 M Match From Industry

5. Cal-(IT) 2 -- An Integrated Approach to Research on the Future of the Internet www.calit2.net 220 UCSD & UCI Faculty Working in Multidisciplinary Teams With Students, Industry, and the Community State Gives $100 M Capital for New Buildings and Labs

6. Experimental Chip Design with Industrial Partner Support Source: Ian Galton, UCSD ECE, CWC A Multiple Crystal Interface Phase Lock Loop (PLL) for a Bluetooth Transceiver with Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) Realignment to Reduce Noise

7. Clean Room Will House Microanalysis and Nanofabrication Labs

8. Superconducting Flux Pinning by Magnetic Dots- Nickel Nanoarray on Niobium Thin Film M. I. Montero, O. M. Stoll, I. K. Schuller, UCSD M. Bachman, G-P Li, UCI UCSD Used Electron Beam Lithography To Create Ni Nanodots With a Spacing of ~500 Nm UCI Used Photolithography To Link Device to Macro World Applications: Increases in Current Carrying Capability of Superconducting Tapes And Reduction of Noise in Ultra-Sensitive Magnetic Field Detectors “Commensurability” Effects From the Matching of the Nanoarray and the Superconductor Vortex Lattice

9. Cal-(IT) 2 “Living-in-the-Future” Laboratories Technology Driven –Ubiquitous Connectivity –SensorNets –Knowledge and Data Systems –LambdaGrid Application Driven –Ecological Observatory –AutoNet –National Repository for Biomedical Data Culturally Driven –Interactive Technology and Popular Culture

10. Simon Penny, UCI Robert Nideffer, UCI Antoinette LaFarge, UCI Celia Pearce, UCI Dan Frost, UCI Larry Carter, UCSD Geoff Voelker, UCSD Mike Bailey, UCSD Edo Stern, UCSD Sheldon Brown, UCSD Adriene Jenik, UCSD Lev Manovich, UCSD Amy Alexander, UCSD Miller Puckette, UCSD Peter Otto, UCSD The Convergence of Computing, Media and New Art Forms Is Creating a New Cultural Landscape for the 21st Century Cal-(IT) 2 Is Bringing Together Interdisciplinary Researchers from UC San Diego and UC Irvine to Develop the Modalities, Methodologies, Vocabularies and Technologies of This Emerging Landscape Sheldon Brown, UCSD

11. The ingredients for cultural transformation Computer Gaming As the Primary Media Realm for a New Generations Development of Media/Social Literacy/Proficiency Computer Gaming is a Major Focus of the New Media Arts Layer Networked Computing Environment Computing As Vehicle for Media Delivery Computing As Social Space Ubiquity of High Resolution Graphics and Audio Gaming As the Domain Where All of These Elements Are Brought Together Sheldon Brown, UCSD

12. PS2 vs. PC Dynamic Data Stream -Static Instruction Set Static Data Stream – Dynamic Instruction Set Architecture optimized for real- time processing of multi-media data Document Processing Architecture PC Architecture Development Provoked by Computer Gaming Sheldon Brown, UCSD

13. Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime –Broadband Speeds –“Always Best Connected” Billions of New Wireless Internet End Points –Information Appliances –Sensors and Actuators –Embedded Processors Emergence of a Distributed Planetary Grid –Broadband Becomes a Mass Market –Internet Develops Parallel Lambda Backbone –Scalable Distributed Computing Power –Storage of Data Everywhere The Next S-Curves of Internet Growth: A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Grid

14. A Planetary Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors Nature of Lump Number of Processors Per Lump Number of National Scale Lumps Typical Processor Speed of WAN connection Example High Perf. PC Cluster 1000s4Intel IA-6410-100 GbpsTeraGrid OptIPuter PC Cluster10s-100s1000sIntel IA-321 GbpsDedicated Cluster PC1millionsIntel IA-321-100 MbpsEntropia embedded processors 1Hundreds of millions Intel StrongARM 100 Kbps- 10 Mbps AutoNet Pocket PCs Cell Phones The Grid is “Lumpy”

15. Source: Smarr Talk 2000

16. Source: Smarr Talk January 1998

17. Source: Smarr Talk 2000

19. The NSF TeraGrid Lambda Connected Linux PC Clusters NCSA 8 TF 4 TB Memory 240 TB disk Caltech 0.5 TF 0.4 TB Memory 86 TB disk Argonne 1 TF 0.25 TB Memory 25 TB disk TeraGrid Backbone (40 Gbps) SDSC 4.1 TF 2 TB Memory 250 TB disk This will Become the National Backbone to Support Multiple Large Scale Science and Engineering Projects Data Compute Visualization Applications Note: Weakly Optically Coupled Compared to Cluster I/O Intel, IBM, Qwest

20. www.intel.com/eBusiness/casestudies/snapshots/ncsa.htm

21. Large Data Challenges in Medicine and Earth Sciences Challenges –Each Data Object is 3D and Gigabytes –Data are Generated and Stored in Distributed Archives –Research is Carried Out on Federated Repository Requirements –Computing Requirements  PC Clusters –Communications  Dedicated Lambdas –Data  Large Objects WAN Database Operations –Visualization  Collaborative Volume Algorithms Response –OptIPuter Research Project –UCSD, UCI, USC, UIC, NW Large ITR Proposal –Potential Industrial Partners –IBM, HP, Intel, Microsoft, Nortel, Ciena, Velocita, SBC

22. NIH is Funding a National-Scale Grid Which is an OptIPuter Application Driver National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure Part of the UCSD CRBS Center for Research on Biological Structure Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) NIH Plans to Expand to Other Organs and Many Laboratories

23. Star Light International Wavelength Switching Hub Seattle Portland Caltech SDSC NYC SURFnet, CERN CANARIE Asia- Pacific AMPATH TeraGrid *ANL, UIC, NU, UC, IIT, MREN AMPATH Source: Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown

24. UIC  StarLight Metro OptIPuter Int’l GE, 10GE Nat’l GE, 10GE Metro GE, 10GE 16x1 GE 16x10 GE 16-Processor McKinley at UIC 16-Processor Montecito/Shavan o at StarLight 10x1 GE + 1x10GE Nationals: Illinois, California, Wisconsin, Indiana, Washington… Internationals: Canada, Holland, CERN, Tokyo…

25. Metro Lambda Grid Optical Data Analysis “Living Laboratory” High Resolution Visualization Facilities –Data Analysis –Crisis Management Distributed Collaboration –Optically Linked –Integrate Access Grid Data and Compute –PC Clusters –AI Data Mining Driven by Data-Intensive Applications –Civil Infrastructure –Environmental Systems –Medical Facilities SDSC SIO UCSD Linking Control Rooms Cox, Panoram, SAIC, SBC, SGI, IBM, TeraBurst Networks UCSD Healthcare SD Telecom Council

26. Some Research Topics in Metro OptIPuters Enhance Security Mechanisms: –End-to-End Integrity Check of Data Streams –Access Multiple Locations With Trusted Authentication Mechanisms –Use Grid Middleware for Authentication, Authorization, Validation, Encryption and Forensic Analysis of Multiple Systems and Administrative Domains Distribute Storage While Optimizing Storewidth: –Distribute Massive Pools of Physical RAM (Network Memory) –Develop Visual TeraMining Techniques to Mine Petabytes of Data –Enable Ultrafast Image Rendering –Create for Optical Storage Area Networks (OSANs) –Analysis and Modeling Tools –OSAN Control and Data Management Protocols –Buffering Strategies & Memory Hierarchies for WDM Networks UCSD, UCI, USC, UIC, & NW

27. A Planetary Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors Nature of Lump Number of Processors Per Lump Number of National Scale Lumps Typical Processor Speed of WAN connection Example High Perf. PC Cluster 1000s4Intel IA-6410-100 GbpsTeraGrid OptIPuter PC Cluster10s-100s1000sIntel IA-321 GbpsDedicated Cluster PC1millionsIntel IA-321-100 MbpsEntropia embedded processors 1Hundreds of millions Intel StrongARM 100 Kbps- 10 Mbps AutoNet Pocket PCs Cell Phones The Grid is “Lumpy”

28. Source: Smarr Talk 1997

30. Source: Smarr Talk 1998

32. Source: Smarr Talk 1999

33. Cal-(IT) 2 Latest Dedicated Linux Intel IA-32 Cluster World’s Most Powerful Dedicated Oceanographic Computer –512 Intel Processors –Dedicated December 2001 –Simulates Global Climate Change IBM Cal-(IT) 2 Industrial Partner NSF and NRO Federal Funds Scripps Institution of Oceanography –Center for Observations, Modeling and Prediction –Director Detlef Stammer

34. A Planetary Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors Nature of Lump Number of Processors Per Lump Number of National Scale Lumps Typical Processor Speed of WAN connection Example High Perf. PC Cluster 1000s4Intel IA-6410-100 GbpsTeraGrid OptIPuter PC Cluster10s-100s1000sIntel IA-321 GbpsDedicated Cluster PC1millionsIntel IA-321-100 MbpsEntropia embedded processors 1Hundreds of millions Intel StrongARM 100 Kbps- 10 Mbps AutoNet Pocket PCs Cell Phones The Grid is “Lumpy”

35. Source: Smarr Talk 1997

36. Early Peer-to-Peer NT/Intel System NCSA Mosaic (1994)  NCSA Symbio (1997)  Microsoft (1998)

37. Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years Deployed in Over 80 Countries The Great Mersenne Prime (2 P -1) Search (GIMPS) Found the First Million Digit Prime www.entropia.com Eight 1000p IBM Blue Horizons

38. Peer-to-Peer Computing and Storage Is a Transformational Technology “The emergence of Peer-to-Peer computing signifies a revolution in connectivity that will be as profound to the Internet of future as Mosaic was to the Web of the past.” --Patrick Gelsinger, VP and CTO, Intel Corp. March 2001

39. Bio-Pharma is the P2P Killer Application

40. Enterprise P2P, PC Clusters, and Internet Computing Forbes 11.27.00

41. Evolution of Peer-to-Peer Distributed Computing Three Successive Technology Phases – –Different Application Integration Models These Models Enable Increasing Numbers of Applications III.Binary Code with Open Scheduling System (no integration) II. Binary Code Integration I. Source Code Integration Entropia DCGrid tm 5.0

42. Entropia DCGrid™ Enterprise System Architecture and Elements Job Management: Manage Applications, Ensembles of Subjobs, Application Management Scheduling: Match Subjobs to Appropriate Resources and Execute, User Account Management Resource Management: Manage and Condition Underlying Desktop and Network Resources DCGrid tm Manager 5.0 DCGrid tm Scheduler 5.0 Resource Scheduling Job Management Resource Management Scheduling Job Management Jobs Subjobs

43. DCGrid Performance Scales Linearly GOLD AUTODOCK HMMER DOCK D I S T R I B U T E D C O M P U T I N G

44. Adding Brilliance to Mobile Clients with Internet Computing Napster Meets SETI@Home –Distributed Computing and Storage Assume Ten Million PCs in Five Years –Average Speed Ten Gigaflop –Average Free Storage 100 GB Planetary Computer Capacity –100,000 TetaFLOP Speed –1 Million TeraByte Storage

45. A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Scale Computer

46. A Planetary Scale Grid Powered by Intel Processors Nature of Lump Number of Processors Per Lump Number of National Scale Lumps Typical Processor Speed of WAN connection Example High Perf. PC Cluster 1000s4Intel IA-6410-100 GbpsTeraGrid OptIPuter PC Cluster10s-100s1000sIntel IA-321 GbpsDedicated Cluster PC1millionsIntel IA-321-100 MbpsEntropia embedded processors 1Hundreds of millions Intel StrongARM 100 Kbps- 10 Mbps AutoNet Pocket PCs Cell Phones The Grid is “Lumpy”

47. We Are About to Transition to a Mobile Internet 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 1999200020012002200320042005 Mobile Internet Fixed Internet Subscribers (millions) Third Generation Cellular Systems Will Add Internet, QoS, and High Speeds Source: Ericsson

48. Two Dozen ECE and CSE Faculty LOW-POWERED CIRCUITRY ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION COMMUNICATION THEORY COMMUNICATION NETWORKS MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS RF Mixed A/D ASIC Materials Smart Antennas Adaptive Arrays Modulation Channel Coding Multiple Access Compression Architecture Media Access Scheduling End-to-End QoS Hand-Off Changing Environment Protocols Multi-Resolution Center for Wireless Communications Source: UCSD CWC Future Wireless Technologies Are a Strong Academic Research Discipline

49. Operating System Services for Power / Performance Management Management of Power and Performance –Efficient Way to Exchange Energy/Power Related Info –Among Hardware / OS / Applications –Power-Aware API Application Power Aware API Power Aware Middleware POSIXPA-OSL Operating System Operating System Modified OS Services Hardware Abstraction Layer PA-HAL Hardware Rajesh Gupta UCI, Cal-(IT) 2

50. Using Students to Invent the Future of Widespread Use of Wireless PDAs Makes Campus “Transparent” –See Into Departments, Labs, and Libraries Year- Long “Living Laboratory” Experiment 2001-02 –500+ Wireless-Enabled HP PocketPC PDAs –Wireless Cards from Symbol, Chips from Intersil –Incoming Freshmen in Computer Science and Engineering Software Developed –ActiveClass: Student-Teacher Interactions –ActiveCampus: Geolocation and Resource Discovery –Extensible Software Infrastructure for Others to Build On Deploy to New UCSD Undergrad College Fall 2002 –Sixth College Will be “Born Wireless” –Theme: Culture, Art, and Technology –Study Adoption and Discover New Services Cal-(IT) 2 Team: Bill Griswold, Gabriele Wienhausen

51. ActiveCampus Explorer: PDA Interface Source: Bill Griswold, UCSD CSE

52. ActiveCampus Explorer: PDA Interface Source: Bill Griswold, UCSD CSE

53. The Cal-(IT) 2 Grid Model for Wireless Services Middleware Real-Time Services Mobile Code Location Awareness Power Control Security Wireless Services Interface UCI Wireless Infrastructures UCSD Wireless Infrastructures Applications J. Pasquale, UCSD Data Management

54. Wireless Internet Puts the Global Grid in Your Hand 802.11b Wireless Interactive Access to: State of Computer Job Status Application Codes

55. Cellular Internet is Already Here At Experimental Sites UCSD Has Been First Beta Test Site –Qualcomm’s 1xEV Cellular Internet Optimized for Packet Data Services –Uses a 1.25 MHz channel –2.4 Mbps Peak Forward Rate –Part of the CDMA2000 Tech Family –Can Be Used as Stand-Alone Chipsets in Development Support –PacketVideo’s PVPlayer™ MPEG-4 –gpsOne™ Global Positioning System –Bluetooth –MP3 –MIDI –BREW Rooftop HDR Access Point

56. Automobiles will Become SensorNet Platforms Autonet Concept –Make Cars Mobile, Ad Hoc, Wireless, Peer-to-Peer Platforms –Distributed Sensing, Computation, and Control –Autonomous Distributed Traffic Control –Mobile Autonomous Software Agents –Decentralized Databases Congestion-free flow UrbanMobility UrbanMobility Rigid Line-Haul Performance Clean Limited- Range Mobility Will Recker, UCI and Mohan Trivedi, UCSD, Cal-(IT) 2 ZEVNET Partners – UCI Institute for Transportation Studies Testbed – UCSD Computer Vision and Robotics Research Lab (CVRRL)

57. REACT! ApplicationApplication TRACER Internet Website Service Provider CDPD Wireless Modem Website ISP REACT! On-line Survey Source: Will Recker, UCI, Cal-(IT) 2 ZEVNet Current ImplementationGPSSensor Sensor Sensor... Extensible Data Collection Unit Currently 50 Toyotas

58. Embedded and Networked Intelligence On-Campus Navigation Enabled –Web Service and Seamless WLAN Connectivity –50 Compaq Pocket PCs Virtual Device / Instrument Control Over Bluetooth Links Energy-Aware Application Programming Battery-Aware Communication Links Source: Rajesh Gupta, UCI, Cal-(IT) 2