1. Digital Tachometer ENGR 4803 Electromechanical Systems & Mechatronics

2. Digital Tachometer

3. Basic stamp : Measurement of Encoder Pulses Use the COUNT function to determine the speed of the motor. The syntax of COUNT is: COUNT pin, period, variable Count the number of cycles (0-1-0 or 1-0-1) on the specified pin during period number of milliseconds and store that number in variable. PBASIC Program ‘Tachometer Program counts VAR word ‘counts is a 16 bit variable RPM VAR word ‘RPM is a 16 bit variable counts = 0 ‘initialize counts loop: count 0, 1000, counts RPM = counts * 60 debug dec ? RPM, 13 goto loop

4. Earlier we said that a pn junction is sensitive to light. Special diodes, called photodiodes, are designed to detect photons and can be used in circuits to sense light as shown in Figure 3.14. Note that it is the reverse current that flows through the diode when sensing light. It takes a considerable number of photons to provide detectable voltages with these devices. The phototransistor ( see Section 3.4.6) can be a more sensitive device, although it is slower to respond. The photodiode is based on quantum effects. If photons excite carriers in a reverse- biased pn junction, a very small current proportional to the light intensity flows. The sensitivity depends on the wavelength of the light.

5. LED Switch Our objective is to turn a dashboard LED on or off with a digital device having an output voltage of either 0 V or 5 V and a maximum output current of 5 mA. The LED requires 20– 40 mA to provide a bright display and has a 2 V voltage drop when forward biased. We use a transistor switch circuit employing a small- signal transistor ( e. g., 2N3904 npn) to provide sufficient current to the LED. The required circuit follows.

6. A special class of transistor is the phototransistor, whose junction between the base and emitter acts as a photodiode ( see Section 3.3.3). LEDs and phototransistors are often found in pairs, where the LED is used to create the light, and this light in turn biases the phototransistor. The pair can be used to detect the presence of an object that may partially or completely interrupt the light beam between the LED and transistor ( see Lab Exercise 5). An optoisolator is composed of an LED and a phototransistor separated by a small gap as illustrated in Figure 3.27. The light emitted by the LED causes current to flow in the phototransistor circuit. This output circuit can have a different ground reference, and the supply voltage Vs can be chosen to establish a desired output volt-age range. With no common ground, the optoisolator creates a state of electrical isolation between the input and output circuits by transmitting the signal optically rather than through an electrical connection. A benefit of this isolation is that the output is protected from any excessive input voltages that could damage components in the output circuit. Also, because the supplies and grounds are separate, any fluctuations or disturbances that might occur in the output circuit have no effect on the control signals on the input side.

7. Angular Position of a Robotic Scanner

8. A circuit to count and display the pulses over a given interval of time T. The following figure illustrates all the required components.

9. 555 Timer

10. 1/3V cc (Charging) LOW OFF 1/3V cc HIGH 555 Timer

11. 2/3V cc HIGH LOWHIGH ON 2/3V cc LOW 555 Timer

12. William Kleitz Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach, 7e Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. LOWHIGH ON Discharge LOW 555 Timer

13. 1/3V cc (Discharging) LOW HIGHLOW OFF 1/3V cc HIGH 555 Timer

14. The 7490 decade counter counts the pulses and is reset by a negative edge on signal R after the time period T. The period T is set by a resistor- capacitor combination using a 555 oscillator circuit. If the count can exceed nine during the period T, additional 7490s must be cascaded to provide the full count. Just prior to counter reset, the output count is stored by 7475 data latches that are enabled by a brief pulse on signal L. The latches are necessary to hold the previous count for display while the counter begins a new count cycle.