1. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Jonathan Hadden jmh@bmb.leeds.ac.uk Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Lessons Learned from Crystallising Protein DNA Complexes. Synergy between High-Throughput and Novel Crystallisation Techniques

2. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Overview of Talk Introduction to the project The High-throughput approach we took (twist due to funding) Problems we encountered Optimisation approaches used to overcome the problems

3. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Personal perspective on crystallisation Increasing throughput has very much driven developments in protein crystallisation over past 10 years Fantastic benefits: faster setup, less sample required, more experiments Increasing throughput usually means significant miniaturisation Resultant scale-up required during optimisation Scale-up particularly important for poorly diffracting crystals or those sensitive to radiation damage. E.g. Protein/DNA complexes or Membrane proteins. Where some of the largest challengers are BIG CRYSTALS REQUIRED – BUT OUR DROPS ARE GETTING SMALLER!

4. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Trying to Crystallise a Holliday Junction Resolving enzyme complex since 1984 A Holliday junction is a four-way DNA junction and is a central intermediate in recombination Recombination (a ubiquitous biological process) The exchange of one DNA sequence with an other or The incorporation of one DNA sequence into an other Many examples of recombination in nature Exchange of homologous DNA during meiosis in diploid organisms Generation of diversity in Immunoglobulin genes Integration of bacteriophage DNA into host DNA

5. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Strand invasion Branch migration or Junction resolution Endo I Strands nicked Patch Recombination Splice Recombination Holliday Junction Classical (Holliday) scheme for homologous recombination

6. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Structure of a Holliday junction Structure of a Resolving enzyme Hadden et al. 2002, EMBO J. 21, 3505-3515 Endo I Cut Endo I Cut Ortiz-Lombardia et al. 1999, NSB 6, 913-917

7. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds The Approach Purify protein DNA complexes – limited quantities for crystallisation Use a mutant Endo I that binds junction but does not cleave High-throughput crystallisation – 960 condition screen Protein constant Varied the DNA sequence – up to 100 sequences Potentially 96,000 trials!

8. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Problem Prepare 250nl + 250nl crystallisation experiments in 96 well vapour diffusion plates at minimal cost with technology available 8 years ago Solution Use a Douglas instruments ORYX 6 robot

9. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Another problem The robot is comparatively slow - 18 minutes to set up a tray Evaporation of 500nl drops is a big problem Another solution Cover drops with light (1cS) silicone oil. The oil will initially protect the drop but eventually evaporate into the sealed atmosphere

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11. Add screening solutions to plate using 8-channel pipette Aspirate screening solution, protein already loaded Dispense 0.25µl of protein and screening solution Dispense 5 µl of light silicone oil onto drop Seal with film and wait for oil to evaporate

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14. Some hits!

15. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds We needed to grow much larger crystals Optimise in 24-well plates 1 μl +1 μl or 2 μl +2 μl drops Quite often conventional methods failed dismally! “All or nothing effect” (lots of small crystals or non at all) Used two methods to successfully overcome these problems - on most occasions Equilibration rate control Seeding However, neither performed conventionally

16. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Equilibration rate control Modify the rate of equilibration in a vapour diffusion experiment Traditionally – Temperature Size of drop More recently-Use a barrier between drop and reservoir Bobs gadget (Equilipro) Silicone fluid on reservoir (Naomi Chaen)

17. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Equilibration rate control – silicone fluid Silicone fluid on reservoir Early stages - Equilibration of drop / unsaturated air space Silicone Fluid Significantly better results Silicone fluid on drop Early stages – protected drop Silicone Fluid

18. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Equilibration rate control Variables Viscosity of fluid – 1cS or 5cS works well Volume of fluid - 20μl is good in a standard microbridge with a 2μl-4μl drop Pre-equilibration time (time between setting up drop and covering drop with oil - 0 Hours) PPT concentration – usually +0 to +3% works well SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER CRYSTALS FOR ~80% OF TARGETS!

19. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds The remaining 20% - Seeding Higher-throughput seeding Simple approach - streak seeding Fast turn round - find optimal conditions quickly Used drop pre-incubation times to control crystal size, quality, numbers. Well solutions and protein concentration identical to those used to grow original hits

20. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Streak Seeding - Practical Setup Start with conditions that originally grew original hits Setup a whole tray of drops – two drops per well At the pre- defined times manually streak seed into the four drops sequentially The numbers indicate drop pre-incubation times in hours

21. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds 24 hour pre-incubation + 12 hours growth T7 endonuclease I / Holliday junction complex

22. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds 4 hour pre-incubation + 12 hours growth NB 3 hour pre-incubation no crystals! T7 endonuclease I / Holliday junction complex

23. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds 4 hour pre-incubation + 72 hours growth T7 endonuclease I / Holliday junction complex 300μm

24. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Conclusions Vapour diffusion using Oryx 6 + silicone fluid works exceptionally well Most ‘hits’ can be easily optimised and scaled-up using Equilbration rate diffusion or Seeding

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26. Endonuclease I Holliday Junction Complex Structure, 3.1Å To be Published in Nature 4 th October 2007

27. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Acknowledgements Leeds and Dundee Anne-Cécile Déclais Steve Carr David Lilley Simon Phillips Synchrotrons ESRF Grenoble SRS Daresbury Support Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK BBSRC

28. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds What is silicone oil / fluid? Polydimethylsiloxane Defined by viscosity measured in centistokes The viscosity / volatility can be varied by changing n CH 3 - Si - O - Si - O - Si - CH 3 CH 3 n

29. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds C A T C G T C G G 10 15 25 29 G T T C C T G A G T T G A T 1 5 C A A G G 20 T T T C A A C T 29 25 A C A C C T G 20 T A G C A G C C T G A G C 15 10 1 T T 5 Arm B Arm H Arm R Arm X T Oligo Z 3’Oligo Y 5’ Oligo Z 5’ Cut Unequal arm Length The Approach Many DNA variations – cater for up to 100 Use Vapour diffusion 960 condition screen Started project about 8 years ago Finance for robotics about £30,000 Sequence Hairpin loops

30. Astbury Centre, University of Leeds Seeding Higher-throughput seeding About 3/4 of targets optimised by setting up one tray! 3-4 hours pre-incubation often best QUICK, EASY, FAST