1. WORLD WAR LOOMS
In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.

2. Learning Objectives: Section 4 - America Moves Towards War
1. Describe the U.S. response to the outbreak of war in Europe in Explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies without declaring war. 3. Summarize the events that brought the United States into armed conflict with Germany. 4. Describe the American response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

3. America Moves Toward War4
SECTION
America Moves Toward War
The United States Musters Its Forces
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cash-and-carry” provision
Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U.S. out of war
The Axis Threat
1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short of war”
Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defense treaty
- become known as Axis Powers
Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans
Continued . . .
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4. SECTION 4: AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships
America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash

5. Chapter 16 Section 4 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – What impact did the outbreak of the war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?
Revision of the Neutrality Acts;
Dramatically increased defense spending;
Institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.

6. THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT
Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940
The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan
Hoping to avoid a two-ocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain
He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships

7. B – Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the
Soviet Union in 1941?
FDR believed that the best way to stop the axis powers was to help their opponents – mainly Britain and the Soviet Union.

8. Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term4
SECTION
continued The United States Musters Its Forces
Building U.S. Defenses
Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defense spending
First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act:
- draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only
Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term
FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection
Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war
FDR reelected with 55% of votes
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9. U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft
FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940
The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile time in history
FDR pushed for huge defense spending

10. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential Election

11. D – Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall of 1941?
German U-boats were attacking American ships.

12. “The Great Arsenal of Democracy”4
SECTION
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
The Lend-Lease Plan
FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world
- U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms
1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense
Supporting Stalin
1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades Soviet Union
Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union
Continued . . .
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13. THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY
To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend Lease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America
America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting democracies

14. E – How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?
Japan needed oil, and the United States had placed an embargo on it to protest Japanese aggression in Indochina.

15. U.S. arsenal of the world

16. U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN
In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939
FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR
Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR. Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR.

17. German Wolf Packs 4 Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys
SECTION
continued“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
German Wolf Packs
Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys
Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol North Atlantic
- sink supply ships
FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense
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18. CONVOY

19. U.S. SUPPORTS
German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR
FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense

20. GR: America Moves Toward War
1. Permitted nations to buy U.S. armaments as long as they paid cash and carried the goods away in their own ships.
2. Japan, Germany, Italy; if the U.S. declared war on any of the Axis powers, it would have to fight a two-ocean war.

21. FDR Plans for War The Atlantic Charter Shoot on Sight 4
SECTION
FDR Plans for War
The Atlantic Charter
FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees passes House by 1 vote
FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint declaration of war aims
Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations” or Allies
• Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations sign Declaration
Shoot on Sight
Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to shoot U-boats on sight
U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on arming merchant ships
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22. Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war
Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas
This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in Newfoundland waters

23. C – Why was the Atlantic Charter important?
It set forth the war aims of the Allies.

24. Germans begin attacking American merchant ships
Germans begin attacking American merchant ships. US Navy enter undeclared state of war.

25. GR: America Moves Toward War
3. Allowed the president to lend or lease arms and supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S”

26. Japan Attacks the United States4
SECTION
Japan Attacks the United States
Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific
• Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades China, prime minister
Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts off trade
Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East Indies oil fields
Peace Talks are Questioned
1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan planning to attack U.S.
Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month
December 6, Japanese envoy instructed to reject all U.S. proposals
Continued . . .
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29. GR: America Moves Toward War
4. punished Japan with a trade embargo
5. Collective security; disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, freedom of the Jews

30. The Attack on Pearl Harbor4
SECTION
continued Japan Attacks the United States
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
Reaction to Pearl Harbor
Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan
Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
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31. JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES
While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base
Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930s
Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

33. ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS 1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR
The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes
The losses constituted more than the U.S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI
The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy”
The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy

34. GR: America Moves Toward War
7. Almost destroyed it
8. They had signed a mutual defense treaty with Japan in which they agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack.