1. History 11 End of the Byzantine/Rise of Russia

2. Decline After the great schism (1054), the Byzantine empire was declining. The constant wars were catching up with the empire. Powerful local lords started to emerge and gain control of large areas. This created problems internally. The peasants were no longer a dominate force.

3. Seljuks The nomadic people of Asia minor called the Seljuks had converted to Islam. One unique aspect of Islam that is similar to Christianity is the need to convert others. When the Seljuks migrated they took Islam into the Byzantine empire. They made up the Ottoman Turks as well.

4. 4 th Crusade Impact This leads to the 4 th crusade. In the 1204 the emperor asked for help from their western Christian brothers. The routes to Jerusalem had been cut off and the Byzantine wanted help getting it back. But the pope turns on them. The 4 th crusade was about trade. Venice wanted to control the trade of Constantinople Western Christians sacked and took it. After that Venice stole all the trade from them.

5. Ottoman Take Over In 1453, the Ottoman Empire surrounded the city and laid siege. After 2 months they broke down the walls. The Ottoman Turks were Muslim. They took over the ancient Christian city and renamed it Istanbul. They turned Hagia Sophia into a Muslim Mosque. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH- E9uH1nYshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH- E9uH1nYs

6. Ottoman Take Over The fall of the Byzantine Empire signified the complete end of the Roman Empire. It was also a large attack on Christendom. Many Popes and many different people have desired to start crusades to regain the ancient Christian city but nothing ever happened. Istanbul emerged as a great center of Muslim culture.

7. Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East

8. Islam Map

9. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

10. By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire Islam’s power in the Middle East started to decline

11. Mongol Map

12. Where did the Ottomans come from? Name came from “Osman,” a leader of a western Anatolian nomadic group who began expansionistic moves in the 14 th century. Gradually these nomads took over Anatolia and became the border between Islam and Byzantine Christian

13. ORIGINS of the Ottoman Empire It was one of the largest & longest lasting empires in history It was an empire supported & inspired by Islam It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

14. Religion Founded on the principles of Islam United by Islamic beliefs Churches were converted into mosques Tolerant of other religions, especially Christians and Jews Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith groups

15. Sultan Mehmet II (1451-1481) Was one of the greatest Sultans Called the Fatih (the Conqueror) During his rule all of Turkey/Anatolia was brought under his control and the Byzantine Empire was defeated

16. The Conquest of Constantinople = the Imperial phase of the Ottomans – Constantinople was renamed Istanbul – Mehmet II cleaned up the city and began many building mosques, markets, water fountains, baths, and other public facilities

17. The Sultan’s Bedchamber

18. Topkapi Palace

19. Hamam

20. Mosque in Istanbul

21. Mehmet II encouraged people to move to Istanbul – Bribed people from the Ottoman territories with homes and jobs The Grand Bazzar

22. Many Jewish people, who were cruelly oppressed in Western Europe (aka Reconquista), moved to Istanbul and found Turkey to be a “haven” = a mass migration of Jewish people soon followed

23. For the next 200 years the Ottomans will be a significant power in the Middle East – The Empire will continually expand

24. Suleiman Ruled from 1520-1566 Made Ottoman Empire the richest & most powerful empire in Europe and Southwest Asia at the time

25. Suleiman the “Lawgiver” – Sultanic law codes – Reformed the government – Balanced the budget – Reinforced Islamic law

26. Suleiman the “Magnificent” – Grandeur of his court – Built palaces, mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc. – Cultural explosion (pax Ottomanica) – literary, artistic, and scientific achievements – Pasha Sinan – Suleiman’s Architect

27. Expansion Suleiman believed that the entire world was his possession as a gift of God. Vast amounts of Islamic territories were annexed or invaded. Very strong military Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

28. “Blue” Mosque

29. Bridge on the Drina (Bosnia)

30. Mostar, BH

31. Conversion to Islam Millet system (non-Muslims formed small communities and were allowed to keep their faith (Jewish or Christian) as long as they paid the jitza (a tax). Local officials were replaced by Ottoman government officials

32. Devshirme – Christian youths captured(sometimes given) by the Ottoman agents and recruited for the Imperial civil service and standing army Converted to Islam The brightest 10% entered the Palace school and were trained for civil service The others were sent to Turkish farms and were trained for toughness = Janissaries Janissaries were the elite army corps who were absolutely loyal to the Sultan

33. Islam and Modesty – Women resided in seclusion in the harem – Purdah

34. The Harem – Sacred place, sanctuary, place of honor, respect, and religious purity – Private quarters of the family – not visited by non- family members (female visitors were allowed, but not common) – Boys remained with their mothers in the harem until the ages of 10-11

37. Ottoman Decline was caused by 8 Things

38. – Weak leadership Selim II (aka the Sloth)

39. Corrupt government officials

40. – Powerful janissaries and janissary revolts

41. – Heavy taxes = revolts and unhappy peasantry

42. The Ottoman Empire was very diverse ethnically + nationalism = many groups wanting their freedom

43. – New World silver flooding the market and causing silver to inflate = inflation

44. – Trade routes changing to bypass the Middle East in favor of water routes

45. The Ottomans signed capitulations with the European countries = loss of revenue

46. – Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall behind the Europeans in technology

47. Quiz 1. What was the name of the Tax that was assessed on Jews and Christians? 2. What Sultan was known as the lawgiver? 3. How were people encouraged to move to the Ottoman Empire? 4. List 4 Reasons the Ottoman Declines?

48. Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT 5M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT 5M

49. New Turkish Republic Modern Middle East

50. In the 18 th Century more wars and losses resulted in reform attempts: – The Tulip Period (1718-1730) = first borrowing of European art and culture

51. Ottomans continued to lose territory to the Russians and the Europeans

52. Tanzimat Period (1839-76) Reforms around a new concept of justice – Equality before the law – Ottomanism = patriotism, but not yet nationalism – Constitution and a Parliament formed The reforms failed; Sultan Abdulahemid put an end to the reforms while putting down rebellions

53. Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922.

54. Young Turks Constitutional, parliamentary government established Growing sense of nationalism Ottomans entered WWI on the side of Germany = lost

55. Treaty of Versailles Empire partitioned Kemal Ataturk (and others) fought for Independence = new Republic of Turkey and an end to the Ottoman Empire (1923).

56. The New Republic of Turkey Secularism Ataturk’s reforms

57. Ataturk’s Reforms Six Arrows of Kemalism – Aka Principals of Ataturk – republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, statism, and secularism

58. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Republicanism: – Only one country of Turkey ; no more Ottoman Empire and no empires ever! – New Constitution

59. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Populism: – Social Reform – – Allowed women to vote – Required women to attend school – Men limited to marrying only one wife (even though Islam allowed four) – All Turks were required to have a surname (family name)

60. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Secularism: – Separation of Church and State – Weekends on Saturday and Sunday (did not match with Muslim Religious day on Friday) – Closed Religious Schools – Introduced Western Laws (instead of Muslim Laws)

61. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Reformism: – Emphasized the radical ways Ataturk was changing Turkish Culture – Meant to legitimize what he was doing

62. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Nationalism – Established Turkish in Latin script (not traditional Arabic script) – Call for prayer done in Turkish not Arabic (returned to Arabic in 1970s) – Women forbidden from wearing veil – Fez outlawed – Only Western clothes allowed

63. Ataturk’s Reforms cont. Statism: – Government controlled economy; mixed economy – Focus on Turkish investments in Turkey to keep foreigners out

64. Turkish Government Today President elected to 4 year terms by the Grand National Assembly – Unicameral body that is elected by the people every four years President chooses Prime Minister

65. Turkish Government Today Republican People’s Party (RPP) – Aka Kemalist Party, founded by Ataturk Justice and Development Party (AK Parti) – Currently largest political party in Turkey – Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdogan – Liberal Economy – Muslim Conservative

66. Turkish Government Today Turkey also has more than 100 political parties Includes: – Turkish Communist Party – Kurdistan Workers’ Party – Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) Both were closed by the Turks (DTP in 2009) because Turkish law prohibits political parties based on ethnic groups

67. Russia Russia lies on the Eurasian plain that reaches from Europe to the borders of China. There are 3 broad climate zones that helped shape early Russian life. The northern forest, supplied lumber and fur. The south had fertile land for farming. The steppe was an open, treeless grassland that was great for herds and horses. Nomads stayed here.

68. Movie on the Mongol Empire http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NySAt0Ii sA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NySAt0Ii sA

70. Growth of Kiev The Slavs expanded into southern Russia. Similar to the Germanic people the Slavs had clans and lived in small villages, farmed, and traded. They formed small villages in the region farmed and traded along the rivers.

71. Vikings In the 700s and 800s the Vikings took out of Scandinavia by ship. They worked their way through Russian rivers, trading and collecting tribute from the Slavs. Right in the middle of their trade network was the city of Kiev. Within a few generations, the Vikings were absorbed into the local culture.

72. Kiev Kiev was also highly influenced by the Byzantine empire. Some Christian missionaries around 863 who wanted to convert the Slavs. translated the Bible into Slavic languages. They took the Greek alphabet and adapted it. It was called the Cyrillic alphabet and it became the written script used in Russia and Ukraine to the present.

73. Kiev The influence really took off when King Vladimir converted to Byzantine Christianity. It gained strength in Russia. The heirs saw themselves in many ways connected to the byzantine empire. Russians adapted Byzantine art, architecture and music. They also accepted political ideas. Like controlling the church. This created the Russian Orthodox church.

74. Yaroslav The golden age of Russia took place under Yaroslav the wise from 1019 to 1054. He issued a code of law to improve justice. The translated works into his language and he arranged marriages to keep the royal family pure. After him the royal families faded and fought over who would rule. Mongols attacked and decided for them.

75. Mongol Conquest In the 1200s a young man who wanted to unite all the nomad tribes appeared. He gathered all the bowmen and gave them a cause. He took the name Genghiz Khan (World Emperor). The Mongol nation impacted several different cultures.

76. Mongol The grandson of Genghiz Khan, named Betu led the Mongol army into Russia. The Mongols looted and burned Kiev. They came in with their golden tents and ruled over Russia for the next 240 years. It was called the Golden Horde. The Mongols only required tribute. They allowed cultures to remain intact.

77. Quiz 1.Who were the Seljuks? 2.What religion were the Ottoman Turks? 3. Name the 3 climate zones of Russia? 4.What is the name of the Russian alphabet? 5.What does Genghiz Kahn mean?