2. Section 1: Postwar Social Changes

3. After World War I  End of WWI causes chaos  Europe felt like they were in despair  Seemed like a whole generation was lost in the battlefield

4. Changes in Society  Technology- affordable cars, improved telephones, new forms of media (motion picture and radio)

5. Roaring Twenties  New sounds of jazz  African Americans created their own forms of jazz  Europeans embraced American culture  Flappers- rebellious young women during the jazz age

6. Women’s Lives  Most women saw a negative affect on their lives after war.  Women were forced back into the home when the men came back from war  Women did get the right to vote  A few women were elected to public office: Mirian Ferguson

7. Reactions to the Jazz Age  Not everyone approved of the lifestyle led by the Jazz Age  Prohibition- ban on the manufacturing and the sale of alcoholic beverages  Eighteenth Amendment- 1919- Prohibition began  Speakeasies- illegal bars

8. Harlem Renaissance  1920s- call for cultural awakening  African Americans had pride in their unique culture  2 famous African American leaders of the Harlem Renaissance: Claude McKay and Langston Hughes

9. Scientific Inventions and Theories  Marie Curie- found elements like radium and uranium  Einstein’s theory of relativity  1928- Penicillin would found  Freud- Psychoanalysis- method of studying how the brain works and treatment of mental illnesses

10. Modern Art and Architecture  Henri Matisse  Pablo Picasso  Abstract- composed only of lines, colors, and shapes  Dada- rejected all traditional conventions and believed that there was no sense or truth in the world  Surrealism- movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind

11. Section 2: The Western Democracies Stumble

12. Party Struggles in Britain  1920s- Labour Party surpassed the liberal party  Labour Party was moving towards socialism  Middle class began to back conservatives who were from the upper class  People began to strike  Striking then became outlawed

13. Irish Independence  1914- Parliament passed “home-rule” for the Irish  1919- IRA (Irish Nationalist Army)- used guerilla warfare against British forces  1922- British and Irish reached an agreement  Most of Ireland was to become self-governing

14. “Red Scare” and Isolation in the US  US feared that Communism would take over in America  Police arrested those who tried to emphasize Communism in America  US also limited immigration  Excluded Chinese and Japanese from the US

16. Postwar Foreign Policy  France wanted to secure borders from Germany  France built Maginot Line- along the border of Germany  France strengthened securing with the military and asked for protection from its allies  France wanted strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles

17. Search for Peace  New treaties settled Germany’s dispute over Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland  Kellogg-Briand Pact- sponsored by the US in 1928  Renounced war as an instrument of national policy  Disarmament- reduction of armed forces and weapons

18. Postwar Economics  Britain and France had huge war debts  Both owed the United States for being an ally  Reparations damaged Germany’s economy  Britain and France’s factories were outdated  Unemployment was severe

19. The Great Depression  Wealth created during 1920s in US was not shared evenly  Farmers and unskilled workers were losing money  Demand for raw materials skyrocketed  Prices fell  Farmers and miners suffered

20. How the Great Depression Started  In the 1920s, prices at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) were high  The Federal Reserve raised interest rates  Ordinary people then became concerned about borrowing money  October 1929- Stock market crashed  Sparked the Great Depression

21. Issues in 1931  Federal Reserves increased interest rate  People invested less and less  Businesses closed  Banks failed  Jobless couldn’t afford shelter or food

22. Great Depression Spread  American banks stopped making loans  Germany suffered: Germany took out loans from the US to pay for reparations

23. Democracies React to the Depression  How Britain reacted:  Britain set up a coalition government made up of a representative from all 3 of the major political parties  Britain provided unemployment benefits

24. Pres. Roosevelt and the New Deal  Franklin Delano Roosevelt argued that government should take action  Introduced the New Deal  Goal: government became involved in people’s everyday lives  New laws regulated the stock exchange and bank deposits

25. Section 3: Fascism in Italy

26. Mussolini’s Rise to Power  Italy joined Allies in 1915  Italy was promised some Austro-Hungarian territories  Disorder multiplied in Italy  Returning veterans faced unemployment  Trade declined  Taxes increased

27. Benito Mussolini  Son of a socialist blacksmith  1919- organized veterans and other discontented Italians  Mussolini’s nickname was “Il Duce” meaning “The Leader”  Formed Fascist group  Name comes from ancient Rome – fasces- means unity  Promised to end corruption

28. Gains Control  Organized “combat squads”  Squads wore black shirts  Black Shirts- a party that rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action

29. Fascists Take Action  1922- Fascists went to Rome and demanded government changes  Known as the March on Rome  Tens of thousands attended  Went to King Victor Emmanuel III  King Victor Emmanuel asked Mussolini to be Prime Minister

30. Mussolini Takes ControlMussolini Takes Control  In the beginning, Fascists only had a few spots in the cabinet. By 1925, Fascists and Mussolini took over the government  Fascism is the first totalitarian state  One party dictatorship  Fascism glorifies the state, destructive to basic human rights

31. Changes Under FascismChanges Under Fascism  Pope Pius XI supported Fascism because Fascism made the Vatican its own individual state  Italy kept a parliamentary monarchy under Fascism

32. Economy Under FascismEconomy Under Fascism  Fascism brought the economy under state control  Preserved capitalism  Fascism economy favored the upper class  Production of goods (industrial goods) increased

34. Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism  The Fascists suppressed rival parties, censored the press, rigged elections, replaced elected officials with Fascists  Anyone who was against Fascism was arrested and put in prison  Fascists used secret police and propaganda

35. Society Under FascismSociety Under Fascism  State (country) is important, each individual is not  Men were taught to be harsh warriors  Women were not allowed to have paying jobs  Had youth groups to prepare children for the military

36. Section 4: The Soviet Union Under Stalin

37. Government Under Communism  Russia (Soviet Union) is know a totalitarian state  Totalitarian state- government controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy

38. Economics Under Communism  Stalin’s Five Year Plan  Aim/Goal: Build heavy industry, improve transportation, and increased farm output  Brought economic activity under the control of the government  The government owned all business and resources  Command economy- government made all economic activities

39. Economics Under Communism  Plan was to increase production  Between 1928 and 1939- large factories and hydroelectric power stations began in the Soviet Union  Oil, coal, and steel production increased  Mining grew  Railroads were built

40. Economics Under Communism  Agriculture (farming) was under the control of the government  Stalin forced peasants to farm on government owned farms  Set prices and controlled prices

41. Society Under CommunismSociety Under Communism  Peasants revolted- they did not want to give up land  When peasants revolted, Stalin blamed the Kulaks.  Kulaks- wealthy farmers  Government confiscated kulak’s land and sent them to labor camps

42. Society Under CommunismSociety Under Communism  Used secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience  Controlled every aspect of life  Violated people’s individual rights  Censored all work  Gulag- system of brutal labor camps