1. What is oppression?
How would you resist oppressive rule-with violent or non-violent action?
Why?
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2. What is communism. What groups of people does communism appeal to
What is communism? What groups of people does communism appeal to? What are some countries that have attempted communism?

3. CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
I. Czar Alexander III ( ) strengthened the autocracy- a government with total power, using:
- censorship - secret police
-exiling prisoners
- oppression of national groups
* Russian the only language allowed
* Jews were persecuted and discriminated against
- pogroms- campaigns of organized violence
against Jews

4. II. Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917) upheld autocratic rule
- worked to improve economy through industrializing
- built the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the longest in the world, linking western Russia to the Pacific

5. III. Problem of Industrialization
- poor working conditions
- child labor
- low wages
- gap widens between rich and poor
revolutionary movements grow
photo: the shell-shop of the Putilov works, St Petersburg 1903

6. IV. The Rise of Marxism- favored by many workers, who hoped to overthrow factory owners and the czar and redistribute the wealth equally
- Mensheviks wanted broad support for a moderate revolution
- Bolsheviks- led by Lenin, were more radical and willing to sacrifice everything for change

7. V. Russo-Japanese War (1904)- Russia loses, morale decreases, and Russians are disappointed with the czar’s government

8. Bloody Sunday- Jan. 22, 1905
- up to 1,000 Russians were killed while protesting working conditions at the czar’s Winter Palace
- Czar Nicholas II creates a Duma (Russian parliament), but it dissolves soon after
* considered a “dress rehearsal” for later revolution

9. VII. World War I- lowers morale, 4 million die in 1914 alone, food and fuel shortages, and inflation—PEOPLE WANT CHANGE!

10. 2 REVOLUTIONS in 1917:
March Revolution- overthrows czar; established a provisional government
November Revolution- overthrows provisional government; civil war begins; Communists (Bolsheviks) control Russia