1. Federal Reserve System

2. The Origins of U.S. Central Banking, 1791–1836
Bank of England
Bank of the British Empire
The Bank of North America (1781)
Robert Morris and the first chartered (government licensed) bank

3. History of Central Banking in the United States
1791 1st Bank of the United States
1811 Charter not renewed.
nd Bank of the United States

4. The Free-Banking Period (1837-1861)
A period that lasted until the Civil War during which each state had its own banking rules, and many states permitted relatively open competition among banks.
U.S. Treasury operated without a central banking institution.

5. The Civil War, Greenbacks, and National Banking
1863 National Currency Act

6. Policy and Politics without a Central Bank
Panic of 1873 and resumption of the gold standard (1875)
Populism, free silver, and bimetalism
Prelude to the federal reserve
Panics of 1893 and 1907
Federal Reserve Act of 1913

7. Central Bank
Official institution with broad responsibilities for a nation’s financial system.

8. Functions of a Central Bank
Lender of last resort.
Government’s banker and financial agent.
Controls the creation of money.
Shares the responsibility of regulating the financial system with other government agencies.
Other banks hold deposits at the central bank
Reserves
Medium for check clearing

9. Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Provided for the formation of the FRS and the foundation for the current banking system.
Gave the Fed supervisory powers over member banks.
Member banks subjected to reserve requirements (RR).
Allowed the Fed to create a payment and collection system through member banks.

10. Federal Reserve Bank Central bank of the United States.
Decentralized formal structure.
A single bank located in Washington D.C. with 12 regional banks.

11. Federal Reserve – Technically Independent
Long and staggered terms of governors.
Earns more from operations than it needs to cover operating expenses - does not have to ask Congress for funds.
Not directly subject to control by the executive and legislative branches of government.
Federal Reserve banks are privately owned.

12. The Early Fed, 1913–1935 The Early Fed, 1913–1935
The great depression and reform of the Fed
Restructuring the Fed
New lines of authority

13. The Evolution of the Modern Fed
Banking Act of 1935
The Fed’s fight for independence
Marriner Eccles
Working for the U.S. Treasury
Federal Reserve – Treasury Accord 1951
Fed independent institution within the government

14. Federal Reserve: Organization
Board of Governors
Advisory Committees
Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
Federal District Banks

15. Board of Governors
Appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the senate.
Seven members
14-year, nonrenewable terms
Terms are staggered so that at least one new governor is appointed every two years.
The president names the chairman and vice chairman of the Board, subject to confirmation by the Senate.
4-year terms and may be re-appointed so long as their terms as governors have not expired.
A chairman who is not re-appointed customarily resigns from the Board.

16. Board of Governors
The Board is financed through an assessment on the incomes of the Federal Reserve Banks.

17. The Federal Open Market Committee
Chief policy-making body of the Federal Reserve System.
Primary task: Draft monetary policy.
Voting Members
all seven governors
the president of the NY Fed
4 presidents of the other eleven regional Banks. The right to vote rotates among the 11 presidents - each voting for a period of one year. All presidents attend meetings.
Meets about 8 times a year to formulate monetary policy.
Decisions in the form of policy directives are passed on for execution to the NY Fed.

18. Federal Reserve Banks 12 Federal Reserve Districts
Each district has one FRB.
Many have additional branches in major cities.
Banks are privately owned by the commercial banks that are members.
The Board of Governors has broad authority over the operations of the regional Banks.

19. Federal Reserve: Roles
Bank supervision
Monetary policy
Banking services
Fiscal Agent

20. Federal Reserve: Monetary Policy
Open Market Operations
Discount Window Rate
Reserve Requirements

21. Open Market Operations
Purchase or sale of assets by the Fed in the open market.
Executed by the System Account Manager at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Acts under the direction of the FOMC.
The Manager invites primary dealers to tender offers of price and quantity.

22. Discount Policy
Announcement effect.

23. Reserve Requirements
The Fed has the authority to set reserve requirements within a range established by the Monetary Control Act of 1980.
Apply to all depository institutions.
Reserve requirements are an important determinant of the money multiplier.
An increase in the reserve requirement means a decrease in the total quantity of money.

24. Federal Reserve: Banking Services
Check clearing
Wire Transfer through Fedwire
Automated Clearing House System (ACH)

25. Federal Reserve: Fiscal Agent
Banker for the federal government.
Accepts payment for the federal taxes on behalf of the IRS.
Fiscal agent for the Treasury when issuing, redeeming, and transferring ownership of government securities.