Vietnam Jimi Hendrix – Foxy Lady.

Vietnam Jimi Hendrix – Foxy Lady

Small Group Activity – Vietnam CSI

What To Expect During This Unit
Listen to a few tracks enjoyed by the “Grunts” Dissect Plenty of Primary Sources A lot of video and audio sources Examine the Evolution of American Culture Examine the Vietnam Experience Plenty of Group Work

Do Now – Describe the term containment
“Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear.” ― Harry S. Truman

K-W-L TTYN Refer to notes packet What I Know About Vietnam
What I Want to Learn About Vietnam What I Learned About Vietnam TTYN = Talk to your neighbor

Small Group Activity – Read the following statement from Ho Chi Minh and answer the following questions: Who was Ho Chi Minh? When was this document written? What is the overreaching message?

Letter to President Harry Truman, February 16, 1945
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: “Our VIETNAM people, as early as 1941, stood by the Allies' side and fought against the Japanese and their associates, the French colonialists. From 1941 to 1945 we fought bitterly, sustained by the patriotism, of our fellow-countrymen and by the promises made by the Allies at YALTA, SAN FRANCISCO and POTSDAM…..But the French Colonialists…have come back, and are waging on us a murderous and pitiless war in order reestablish their domination….. This aggression is contrary to all principles of international law and the pledge made by the Allies during World War II…..It violently contrasts with the firm stand you have taken in your twelve point declaration…..The French aggression on a peace-loving people is a direct menace to world security….It is with this firm conviction that we request of the United Sates as guardians and champions of World Justice to take a decisive step in support of our independence….What we ask has been graciously granted to the Philippines. Like the Philippines our goal is full independence and full cooperation with the UNITED STATES. We will do our best to make this independence and cooperation profitable to the whole world.” Respectfully Yours, Ho Chi Minh

The Origins of the Vietnam War TTYN: Why Vietnam?
The expulsion of the Japanese in 1945 led not to independence but a revival of French colonialism Anticommunism rhetoric A logical extension of Cold War policies and assumption The Archies – “Sugar, Sugar” The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the final, defining conflict of the First Indochinese War, and led to the Geneva Accords, which divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into communist North Vietnam and pro-west South Vietnam. Nearly 7,000 French soldiers eventually lost their lives in a "sitting target" battle between November 20, 1953, and May 7, 1954, with the final, decisive siege beginning on March 13. On March 13, 1954, Vo Nguyen Giap launched his offensive. For fifty-six days the Vietminh pushed the French forces back until they only occupied a small area of Dien Bien Phu. Colonel Piroth, the artillery commander, blamed himself for the tactics that had been employed and after telling his fellow officers that he had been "completely dishonoured" committed suicide by pulling the safety pin out of a grenade. The French surrendered on May 7th. French casualties totalled over 7,000 and a further 11,000 soldiers were taken prisoner. The following day the French government announced that it intended to withdraw from Vietnam.

The Origins of the Vietnam War
U.S. funneled billions of dollars in aid to bolster French efforts 1954, the U.S., refusing to send in troops and/or use a nuclear bomb in an effort to help the French, France was left with no alternative but to agree to Vietnamese Independence The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the final, defining conflict of the First Indochinese War, and led to the Geneva Accords, which divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into communist North Vietnam and pro-west South Vietnam. Nearly 7,000 French soldiers eventually lost their lives in a "sitting target" battle between November 20, 1953, and May 7, 1954, with the final, decisive siege beginning on March 13. On March 13, 1954, Vo Nguyen Giap launched his offensive. For fifty-six days the Vietminh pushed the French forces back until they only occupied a small area of Dien Bien Phu. Colonel Piroth, the artillery commander, blamed himself for the tactics that had been employed and after telling his fellow officers that he had been "completely dishonoured" committed suicide by pulling the safety pin out of a grenade. The French surrendered on May 7th. French casualties totalled over 7,000 and a further 11,000 soldiers were taken prisoner. The following day the French government announced that it intended to withdraw from Vietnam.

Victory for Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces Geneva Peace Conference divides Vietnam into two districts, with elections in 1956 to unify the country Ngo Dinh Diem – American puppet government

1960s, the U.S. was committed to the corrupt regime of Diem and the South Vietnamese 1963, U.S. approves a military coup that led to Diem’s death 1963, 17K American Advisors in S. Vietnam

The Key Personalities of the Vietnam Conflict
John F. Kennedy, President of the United States January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Lyndon Baines Johnson, President of the United States, November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969 Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense of the United States January 21, 1961 – February 29, 1968

“The Most Trusted Man in America”
The Key Personalities of the Vietnam Conflict Walter Cronkite. anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–81). “The Most Trusted Man in America” William Westmoreland, American Army General and commander of the US forces deployed in Vietnam between 1964 to 1968

You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win. --Ho Chi Minh to the French, late 1940s I must question the wisdom of involvement in Vietnam --JFK, 1963 We are not about to send American boys nine or ten thousand miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves. --Lyndon Johnson, Oct. 1964 This is not a jungle war, but a struggle for freedom on every front of human activity. --Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident
August1964, N. Vietnamese vessels perhaps fired upon an American spy ship off its coast Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed Authorizing the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” Passed without any discussion of American goals and strategy in Vietnam “I am not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” – LBJ

American Escalation 1964 reelection campaign, Johnson insisted he had no intention of sending American troops into Vietnam After reelection, U.S. begins airstrikes and introduce American troops in the south 1966 – 380K troops 1967 – 485K End of 1968 – 540K (peak deployment)

American Escalation America remains quiet Prior to 1968; Support 56%
Opposition 28% “Hearts and Minds” “We must be ready to fight in Vietnam, but the ultimate victory will depend upon the hearts and the minds of the people who actually live out there.” -LBJ

American Escalation “Operation Rolling Thunder” 1965-1968
“Search and Destroy” missions “Operation Rolling Thunder” Bombs, bombs, and more bombs – American planes dropped more tons of bombs on the small country of North and South Vietnam that both sides used in all of WWII Spread chemicals Napalm

American Escalation TTYN: What does the following quote tell you about the resolve of the North Vietnamese? “You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win.” --Ho Chi Minh to the French, late 1940s Jefferson Airplane – “Volunteers”

Escalation

The Vietcong: The Other Enemy
The People's Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) Created by the North Vietnamese communists to escalate the armed struggle in South Vietnam. The VC were guerrillas, They wore no uniforms, dressed in the same type of clothing as the local peasants, and blended into the landscape when their mission was complete.

The Vietcong: The Other Enemy
The Viet Cong were supported and trained by the government of communist North Vietnam. The Viet Cong tried to create a popular uprising in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War with their 1968 Tet Offensive, but were able to seize control of just a few small districts in the Mekong Delta region

What I Want to Learn About Vietnam What I Have Learned So Far About Vietnam

The Tet Offensive Refer to your notes packet

The Tet Offensive Refer to your notes packet
Buffalo Springfield – “For What It’s Worth”

The Tet Offensive – Turning Point??
Summarizing the Tet This military action was a major turning point in the way many Americans perceived the war. On the morning of January 30, 1968, Communist forces in North Vietnam and Vietcong squads in the South took advantage of a truce during Tet (the Vietnamese new year holiday) to launch a massive offensive. Simon and Garfunkel – “Bridge Over Troubled Water”

Summarizing the Tet Major cities and provinces were captured, and heavy fighting ensued. Although turned back by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in a matter of days, the Communists nonetheless claimed a major political and psychological victory. U.S. observers were stunned by the size and coordination of the Communist forces. Declared over April 1, 1968

Public opinion after the Tet Offensive Support 41% Opposition % TTYN: Why did public support for Vietnam shift so dramatically?

Photo Journalism Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo taken on the streets of Saigon during the Tet Offensive sent shock waves through America

Photo Journalism

Photo Journalism 1972 file photo, 9-year-old Kim Phuc, center, runs down Route 1 near Trang Bang, Vietnam after an aerial napalm attack.

Photo Journalism TTYN – How did the images below cause a seismic shift in the way Americans interpreted the war? Comment: Trust Factor…Americans were questioning who they could trust. For many, the gov’t was not being honest.

Cronkite Reports on Vietnam
Refer to your notes packet

The Mai Lai Massacre On March 16, 1968 the angry and frustrated men of Charlie Company entered the Vietnamese village of My Lai “This is what you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got it," said their superior officers.

The Mai Lai Massacre As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. Men were ordered to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire.

The Mai Lai Massacre According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. According to reports, a group of the villagers were ordered into a ditch and were mowed down in a fury of machine gun fire.

McNamara Reflection Refer to your notes packet

The Counter Culture Casualties mount
The Antiwar Movement Casualties mount Americans bombs rain down on Vietnam Images and stories hit the front pages and the front porches SNCC and SDS tip the scales (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Students for a Democratic Society) MLK condemns the war and the Johnson Administration By 1967, men were burning their draft cards or fleeing to Canada

1967, Antiwar demonstrator outside the Pentagon
The Counter Culture Refer to your notes packet 1967, Antiwar demonstrator outside the Pentagon

The Counter Culture October of 1967, 100K protestors assemble at Lincoln Memorial By the late 1960s, millions of young people openly rejected the values and behaviors of their elders For the first time in American history, flamboyant rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use became the basis for a mass movement Rallying cry was “Liberation”

The Counter Culture What they were after
Emphasized the ideal of community Independence from authority The Free individual 1967, The Summer of Love “Give peace a chance”

The Weather Underground: The Weatherman
Splinter group of SNCC the Weathermen were widely criticized for their use of violence as a means of social and political change. Many accused the group of terrorism, while others accused it of giving all activists, both militant and more mainstream, a bad name. “ When you feel you have right on your side, you can do some pretty horrific things.” - Brian Flanagan, former Weatherman

The Weatherman Refer to your notes packet

The Weatherman The Weatherman believed that violent action was a necessary evil in a time of crisis, a last-ditch effort to grab the country’s attention. The Results - a widespread revolt against the status quo: against previously upheld structures of racism, sexism and classism, against the violence of the Vietnam War and America’s interventions abroad.

Kent State The Vietnam war heightened awareness and protest, which spread to college campuses In May 1970, Kent State students protesting the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young – “Ohio”

Kent State Clashed with Ohio National Guardsmen on the Kent State University campus. Guardsmen shot and killed four students on May 4 The Kent State Shootings became the focal point of a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War. On May 1, Kent State students held an anti-war protest. That evening several incidents occurred, including rocks and bottles being thrown at police officers, the closure of bars by authorities before normal closing time to reduce alcohol consumption, and the lighting of bonfires. Eventually students, other anti-war activists, and common criminals began to break windows and loot stores; The mayor of Kent, Leroy Satrom, declared a state of emergency on May 2. He requested that Governor James A. Rhodes send the Ohio National Guard to Kent to help maintain order. Rhodes agreed, and the National Guard members began to arrive the evening of May 2. As the soldiers arrived, they found the Reserve Officer Training Corps building at Kent State University in flames. It is unclear who set the building on fire. It may have been anti-war protestors, but it also could have been someone seeking to have the protestors blamed. Interestingly, Kent State officials had already boarded up the ROTC building and were planning to raze it. Protestors were celebrating the buildings destruction as fire fighters arrived. The protestors, which included both students and non students, jeered the fire fighters and even sliced the hoses that the fire fighters were using to extinguish the flames. National Guard members arrived to reestablish order and resorted to tear gas to disperse the protestors. On May 3, approximately one thousand National Guard soldiers were on the Kent State campus. Tensions remained high, and Governor Rhodes further escalated them by accusing the protestors of being un-American. He proclaimed, "They're the worst type of people that we harbor in America. I think that we're up against the strongest, well-trained, militant, revolutionary group that has ever assembled in America." Some Kent State students assisted local businesses and the city in cleaning up damage from the previous night's activities, but other students and non students continued to hold protests, further exacerbating the situation. The National Guard continued to break up these demonstrations, including threatening students with bayonets. On May 4, a Monday, classes resumed at Kent State. Anti-war protestors scheduled a rally for noon at the campus. University officials attempted to ban the gathering but proved unsuccessful in their efforts. As the protest began, National Guard members fired tear gas at the demonstrators. Due to wind, the tear gas proved ineffective. Some of the protestors threw the canisters, along with rocks, back at the soldiers. Some of the demonstrators yelled slogans, such as "Pigs off campus!", at the soldiers.

Kent State Refer to your notes packet

Kent State TTYN: You Predict. What effect, if any, do you believe that the Kent St. shooting would have on America? The shootings helped convince Americans that the anti-war protestors were not just hippies, drug addicts, or promoters of free Rather than causing a decline in protests, the Kent State Shootings actually escalated protests. Many colleges and universities across the United States cancelled classes and actually closed their doors for the remainder of the academic year in fear of violent protests erupting on their campuses.

Woodstock 500,000 people from all over the U.S. traveled to Woodstock Woodstock signaled the merger and ambivalence of the counterculture and protest. The festival was billed as "three days of peace and love," in contrast to the war and hatred in Vietnam.

Woodstock Refer to your notes packet

Small Group Activity Problem -- Spread of Communism: The Vietnam War
Solution Result

What I Want to Learn About Vietnam What I Have Learned About Vietnam

In this April 29, 1975 file photo, U. S
In this April 29, 1975 file photo, U.S. Navy personnel aboard the USS Blue Ridge push a helicopter into the sea off the coast of Vietnam in order to make room for more evacuation flights from Saigon.

Evacuation of Americans during Operation Frequent Wind, 29th April 1975.

Assessment

C.S.I. The Winds of War: The Vietnam Conflict

TTYN: Describe the basic tenants of the Truman Doctrine?
With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

Diên Biên Phú

Diên Biên Phú Overview The French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 signalled the end of French influence and Colonialism in Indochina. The battle fought around Dien Bien Phu was the last major campaign by a European state in the region Dien Bien Phu was a town in northwest Vietnam with an isolated air base built and used by the Japanese in World War Two. Located near the Vietnam/Laos border.

Diên Biên Phú Overview Although the French inflicted heavy casualties on the Vietminh, Dien Bien Phu was a tactical and operational failure for the French. French losses totaled 7,184 casualties, included 1,142 dead and 1,606 missing. Vietminh suffered 7,900 dead and over 15,000 wounded. he government of Laos was very much under the influence of the French though the Viet Minh had successfully infiltrated much of Laos, thus undermining the authority of both the Laotian government and, therefore, the French By establishing a major force at Dien Bien Phu, the French hoped to cut the supply lines used by Giap’s men into Laos. It also placed a large and well-trained force in the heartland of the Viet Minh. This alone, the French hoped, would be enough to deter Viet Minh activity. The French conceded many sound principles of warfare, to include initiative, high ground, and concentration of forces, to the Vietminh in an attempt to draw them out into a battle. They were also completely surprised by the logistical capabilities of the Vietminh. Their ability to get heavy artillery pieces and ammunition into the high, roadless mountains surrounding Dien Bien Phu was not even considered a possibility.

Diên Biên Phú Overview The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN) had mobilized over 33,000 workers to support the contingent at Dien Bien Phu, which allowed it to sustain the 50,000-man siege for the five-month operation. It was a tactical and operational success for the Vietminh; they had achieved their decisive victory over the French.

Diên Biên Phú Overview The Vietnamese strategic goal of using the victory to obtain concessions at the Geneva negotiations failed. The Vietnamese were forced to accept a temporary partition of their country with elections to be held two years later. However, the south government headed by Ngo Dinh Diem and backed by the US established a separate government and ignored the call for elections in 1956.

Partition of Vietnam

CASE FILE Harry S Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Vietnam Conflict CLASSIFIED

Activity Directions Work Cooperatively Read each document thoroughly
Use your Think Marks Complete handout - “Detective Log” Complete handout - “Questions to Consider” Individually, complete a one-page summary Have Fun!!!

Detective Log See Handout Document 1 Document 2
Who authored the document? When was the document authored? What type of document? Who was the audience for the document? Why was it created? Who was the aggressor in the incident according to the document? Document 1 Document 2 See Handout

Document 1 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy on Indochina before the Senate Washington, D.C., April 6, 1954

Document 2 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy before The Executives' Club Chicago, Illinois, May 28, 1954

Document 3 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the Conference on Vietnam Luncheon in the Hotel Willard Washington, D.C., June 1, 1956

Document 4 ANTI-REDS ACTIVE IN NORTH VIETNAM
New York Times; Oct. 16, 1961

Document 5 Reds in Vietnam Kill U.S. Aide in Ambush
New York Times; Nov. 6, 1960

Document 6 OFFICIER TELLS OF "ROUTINE' IN GULF OF TONKIN
Chicago Tribune; Oct 5, 1964

Document 7 New Hurdle in Vietnam New York Times; Aug. 12, 1964

Document 8 Patrols in Gulf of Tonkin Began as Watch on Reds
Los Angeles Times; Sept. 27, 1964

Document 9 President Johnson's Message to Congress August 5, 1964

Document 10 Joint Resolution of Congress H.J. RES 1145 August 7, 1964

Questions to Consider What questions did you ask while evaluating these sources? On what points do the accounts agree? On what points do the accounts differ? Which of these sources aligns most closely with what you already knew about the Vietnam Conflict? How so? Which of these sources is most reliable in determining what actually happened the led to the start of the Vietnam Conflict? Why do you think so? Describe the difficulties in developing an accurate account of historical events like the start of the Vietnam Conflict? If you were asked to write your own historical account of the events that occurred during the years the followed the battle of Dien Bien Phu, how would you go about doing so?

Cracking the Case Based on your analysis of the documents and citing evidence to support your answer, please write a one-page summary, which answers the following questions: how did the basic tenants of the Truman Doctrine and the events that followed following the battle of Dien Bien Phu interconnect and would ultimately lead to the Vietnam Conflict? Was Unites States involvement justified? What are the similarities between the Korean War and the start of the Vietnam Conflict?

Cracking the Case Based on your analysis of the documents and citing evidence to support your answer, please write a one-page to two-page summary, which answers the following questions: what were some of the key events that led to the start of United States involvement in Vietnam, how did President Johnson justify American involvement in Vietnam, and finally, including your prior knowledge and additional resources, how did the theory of containment and the Truman Doctrine underscore United States involvement in South Asia.

To the Teacher: Be sure to download my Vietnam Conflict Detective Log And Causes of the Vietnam Conflict Primary Source Packet

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