1. What Substance Makes Ice Melt The Fastest?
By: Daniel Meyer
Science Period 5

2. Which Substance Melts Ice The Fastest?
Problem
Calcium Chloride
Sugar
Which Substance Melts Ice The Fastest?
Rock Salt
Table Salt
Sand

3. Hypothesis
I hypothesis that Calcium Chloride will melt Ice the fastest because when Calcium Chloride comes in contact with Ice, an energy is released. The energy that is released is heat energy. One reason Calcium Chloride melts Ice the fastest is because when the reaction occurs, the heat energy that is released helps melt the Ice along with the other chemicals in the Calcium Chloride.

4. Background Info On Rock Salt & Table Salt
2nd fastest Ice melting substance
Both chemical formulas are NaCl
Both are edible, just Rock Salt needs to be made finer
Can be harmful to plants
Over 14,000 known uses for Salt
Freezing / Melting point is 801°C
Rock Salt is also called Halite
they are the same compound

5. Background Info On Sand
Worn down rock
Over millions of years rocks break down from erosion until they are small enough to be called Sand
Boiling point is 2230°C
Melting point is 1710°C
Freezing point is °C

6. Background Info On Sugar
Melting point is 185°C (365°F)
Harvested from plants
Also known as “White Gold”
Also known as “Glucose” (found in all green plants)
In early times it was not plentiful and it was very expensive
More than 17 kinds of sugar

7. Background Info On Calcium Chloride
Boiling point is 1600°C
Used in the manufacturing of legal drugs
Used to melt ice
Used in industry to remove moisture
CaCl2 is its chemical formula
When it comes in contact with ice it has a reaction
Heat energy is created (speeds up process)
Melting point is 772°C
Freezing point is 52°C

8. Materials Needed For The Experiment
24 3oz cups
½ teaspoon measure
4tsp of Calcium Chloride, Rock Salt, Sand, Su-gar, Table Salt
1 teaspoon measure
Syringe
Timer
36oz of water
Pencil
Freezer
Pad
Labels

9. Variables
Variable- something that can change the results in an experiment
The substances I tested
Control- something that remain constant in an experiment
The 1.5oz frozen cup of water with no substance on it was the control
Substances
Rock Salt
Calcium Chloride
Sugar
Table Salt
Sand

10. Procedure Fill 24 3oz. cups of water with 1.5oz of water
Freeze for an 8 hour period
Place 6 ice cups on the counter with a label for each
Place 1 teaspoon of each substance on top of the ice
Record the substance on the label
Repeat step 4 and 5 for the remaining substances(except experiment #3, add ½)
7. Cup #6 will have no substance. This will be the control.

11. Procedure Cont’d
8. Start timer for 10min 9. Record observations seen during the experiment 10. After the 10 minute interval use the syringe to measure the amount of melted ice in the cup 11. Record amount of water in the syringe and measure in ml.(milliliters) 12. Repeat steps 3 through 10 for each experiment (3 more times)

12. Table Of My Data Substance Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4
 Amount of Substance Used
 1 tsp.
1 tsp.
½ tsp.
Calcium Chloride
13ml
12ml
19ml
Sand
3ml
1ml
0ml
Table Salt
10ml
6ml
4ml
8ml
Rock Salt
7ml
5ml
Sugar
2ml
0.5ml
Control
2.5ml

13. Graph Of My Results
Amount of
Water In ML
Number Of Experiment

14. My Graph Conclusions Calcium chloride melted the most ice the fastest
All together all the substances melted 128.5ml
Calcium Chloride melted a total of 57ml
Rock Salt melted a total of 27ml
Table Salt melted a total of 28ml
Sand melted a total of 5ml
Sugar melted a total of 11.5ml
Control melted a total of 6.5ml
Substance
Amount Of Water Melted n ML
Calcium Chloride
57ml
Sand
5ml
Table Salt
28ml
Rock Salt
38ml
Sugar
11.5ml
Control
8.5ml

15. Conclusion And Results
After reviewing the results of all the experiments it has been observed that the amount of ice that melted appeared to have a wide range of results. There could be a number of reasons for the conflicting results, but I hypothesize that the variable that was previously discussed would be the reason for the difference. After completing the experiments, my original hypothesis that calcium chloride would melt the ice fastest is correct. The reason is because the calcium chloride produces a chemical reaction when it comes in contact with water and produces heat energy, which in turn makes the ice melt faster. Some of the results of the experiment were very interesting.
Cont’d

16. Conclusion And Results Cont’d
While sugar would never be considered an ice melting substance, it in fact did melt a small amount of ice. The other surprising factor is that table salt melted more ice than rock salt. There is one thing I would do differently in my experiment , I would have made the time interval 5 min so it took less time to do the experiments and I could have more time to perfect the rest of my project. As a future related experiment I would go outside in the winter and pour water on my driveway. I would have let it freeze and then I would add the substances on the ice. One variable could be the temperature outside. The question would be did it melt more ice because there were more granules of table salt, than of rock salt or of calcium chloride on the top of the ice?

17. Works Sited Page
Olph School, 8th Grade Science class, "Olphschool.org" <internalolphschool.org> January 27, 2010
Seneser, Fred, "Why does Salt melt ice?"
General Chemistry online FAQ Solutions Why does salt melt ice, < January 28, 2010
"What makes ice melt fastest Do it Science!-science projects, science fair project, science tutorials, make models, physics project, high school science projects, project ideas, do it science" < > January 27, 2010
“How does sand melt ice?” March 12, 2010
“how is sand formed?” top bits.com February 26,2010
Morris, PHD, john “does salt come from evaporated sea water?” institute for creation
Research march 1,
Pasquesi, andy, “how does calcium chloride melt ice?” Ehow febuary 26,2010
“the physical & theoretical chemistry oxford univ.” (september 17,2003)
January 28,2010
Seneser, fred, “why does salt melt ice?” general chemestry online FAQ solutions why does salt melt ice january 28,2010 <