1. 14
Technology and Crime

2. The Advance of Technology
Technology and criminology have always been closely linked
Technology can be used by crime fighters and lawbreakers
As technology progresses, it facilitates new forms of behavior, including new crimes

3. High Technology and Criminal Opportunity
Routes to illegitimate access to computerized information
Direct access
Computer trespass
Cybercrime
any violation of a federal or state computer-crime statute
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4. High Technology and Criminal Opportunity
Types of cybercrime
Internal cybercrimes
Internet/telecommunications crimes
Support of criminal enterprises
Computer-manipulation crimes
Hardware, software, and information theft
Money today is information

5. The Extent of Cybercrime
Software piracy
The unauthorized and illegal copying of software programs
Phishing
An Internet-based scam that uses official-looking messages to steal valuable information
May threaten the viability of
e-commerce
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6. The Extent of Cybercrime
Not all cybercrime is committed for financial gain
Criminal mischief
creating/transmitting malicious forms of programming code

7. Cybercrime and the Law Communications Decency Act (1996)
Reno v. ACLU
No Electronic Theft Act (1997)
Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act (1999)
Cyber Security Enhancement Act (2002)
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8. Cybercrime and the Law Computer-related crime
Any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is involved for its investigation, perpetration, or prosecution
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9. Cybercrime and the Law Computer abuse
Any incident associated with computer technology in which a victim suffered or could have suffered loss and perpetrator intentionally gained or could have gained

10. The History and Nature of Hacking
Computer hacking may have started in the late 1950s with the creation of the interstate phone system and direct distance dialing
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11. The History and Nature of Hacking
Phone phreaks
Used special telecommunications access codes and other restricted technical information to avoid paying long-distance charges
Modern version involves electronic theft of cell phone numbers and access codes
Voice mail hacking and voice mail fraud

12. A Profile of Cybercriminals
Cybercriminals tend to come from hacker subculture because hackers and hacker identities are a product of cyberspace
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13. A Profile of Cybercriminals
Average hacker
Male between who lives in the US
Computer user but not programmer
Hacks with software written by others
Primary motivation is to gain access to Web sites and computer networks
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14. A Profile of Cybercriminals
Hacker typology based on psychological characteristics
Pioneers
Scamps
Explorers
Game players
Vandals
Addicts
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15. A Profile of Cybercriminals
Not all hackers are kids - some are high-tech computer operators

16. Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime
Some see computer crime as a new form of white-collar crime. There are many similarities between the two:
Both often committed through nonviolent means
Access to computers or storage media often needed
Involve information manipulations creating profits or losses
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17. Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime
Some see computer crime as a new form of white-collar crime. There are many similarities between the two:
Both can be committed by individuals or organizations
Both are difficult to detect
Viewed them as less serious than violent crimes
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18. Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime
Some see computer crime as a new form of white-collar crime. There are many similarities between the two:
Both cost individuals, organizations, and society large amounts of money and other resources
Prevention requires a combination of legal, technical, managerial, security, and audit-monitoring controls

19. Technology in the Fight Against Crime
Technology is a double-edged sword
Provides criminals new weapons to commit crimes
Provides the criminal justice system with new tools to fight crime
Criminally useful or evasive technologies and law enforcement capabilities commonly leapfrog one another

20. DNA Technology DNA profiling
The use of biological residue found at a crime scene for genetic comparisons to help identify suspects
DNA evidence long-lasting
Highly reliable but not infallible
The greatest threat to reliable results is human error in conducting the tests
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21. DNA Technology Daubert standard
Test to determine whether a form of scientific evidence is reliable
Key factors:
It has been subjected to testing
It has been subjected to peer review
It has known/potential rates of error
It has standards controlling application of the techniques involved
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22. DNA Technology
Most states and the federal government have digitized forensic DNA databases
FBI’s National DNA Index System (NDIS)
All states have legislation requiring convicted offenders to provide samples for DNA databases
DNA Identification Act of 1994

23. Computers and Crime-Fighting Tools
Computers used to keep records
Computers help design new technology and assign resources to problem areas
Computers connect people
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24. Computers and Crime-Fighting Tools
Expert systems
Computer hardware and software system that tries to duplicate the decision-making processes used by investigators in analyzing evidence and recognizing patterns

25. Combating Cybercrime Threat analysis (risk analysis)
a complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of perils facing an organization
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26. Combating Cybercrime
Once threats are identified, strategies to deal with them can be introduced
An audit trail traces/records activities of computer operators and allows auditors to examine the sequence of events relating to any transaction
A powerful tool for identifying instances of computer crime

27. Police Investigation of Computer Crime
Many police departments lack personnel skilled in the investigation of computer crimes
May intentionally avoid computer-crime investigations
Many departments place a low priority on computer crime
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28. Police Investigation of Computer Crime
FBI’s National Computer Crime Squad investigates violations of federal computer crime laws
DCS-3000 network “sniffer” focuses on intercepting suspect personal communications delivered via wireless services

29. Cybercrime and Internet Security
Information is the lifeblood of the modern age – needs to be moved safely and securely
Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection
National Infrastructure Protection Center (1998)
Succeeded by the Office of Infrastructure Protection (part of DHS)
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30. Cybercrime and Internet Security
U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team (2003)
Pres. Obama has identified cybersecurity as one of the most serious economic and national security challenges facing the U.S.
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31. Cybercrime and Internet Security
In 2009, announcement appoint of first White House Cybersecurity Coordinator
Responsible for coordinating cybersecurity activities across the federal government
Howard A. Schmidt

32. Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms in the Information Age
First Amendment
Freedom of speech
Are electronic communications protected?
Fourth Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
Does this include electronic information?