1. I. I.Seabirds C. C.Pelicans and Relatives (Pelecaniformes) Webs between all four toes Mostly coastal, tropical and warm temperate 1. 1.Pelicans Subsurface feeding with gular pouch Dive to capture prey below surface video videovideo Use subcutaneous air sacs to return to surface 2. 2.Boobies Unusual courtship behavior videovideo Resource partitioning: foraging ranges (blue-footed – nearshore, masked – intermediate, red-footed offshore) Dive (up to 30 m!) to capture prey below surface videovideo 3. 3.Cormorants Swim on surface; dive (to 40+ m!) to catch prey videovideo Lack oil glands; must dry after swimming 4. 4.Frigatebirds Impressive courtship displays videovideo Skim surface for prey; may steal fish Brown pelican Fig. 11-24 Red-footed booby Frigatebird Cormorant

2. I. I.Seabirds D. D.Tubenoses (Procelariiformes) Tube-shaped nostrils; incl shearwaters 1. 1.Albatrosses Wingspans up to 11 feet; gliders videovideo Most common in Southern Ocean; some in N Pacific 2. 2.Petrels Includes smallest Antarctic endotherm Some dive; others patter to catch prey videovideo Albatross Fig. 11-28 Wilson’s storm petrelManx shearwater

3. I. I.Seabirds E. E.Penguins (Sphenisciformes) Flightless; most obligately marine birds Four of 17 species in Antarctic Heat retention critical Densely-packed feathers (trap air) Subcutaneous fat layer (buoyancy) Awkward on land (walk, toboggan) More agile in water (up to 20 mph) “Fly” with wings; steer with legs/feet May “porpoise” while swimming videovideo Diet: fishes, squids, krill Male guards single egg videovideo May feed chick from crop Most predators aquatic Emperor penguin Emperor Fig. 11-32

5. II. II.Mammals Endotherms, homeotherms Hair to conserve body heat Still expend ~10x as much energy as fishes of comparable size Brain – Large, complex Reproduction Milk produced by mammary glands Monotremes (platypus, echidnas) Lay eggs No nipples (young lick milk from fur on mother’s belly) Marsupials Viviparous Simple placenta that provides nutrients and oxygen from mother Young emerge from mother very early in development Finish development in marsupium (pouch), nursing from nipple Eutherians (”placental” mammals) Viviparous Complex placenta Extended parental care Increased resource input from parent(s) Increased survivorship for offspring

6. III. III.Marine Mammals A. A.Carnivora (Order) 1. 1.Sea otter (1 species) Smallest marine mammal (average male 25-35 kg) No blubber layer Insulation from air trapped in dense fur (~3.5x as dense as human hair; guard hairs + underfur) Feet can lose heat; out of water at surface Mainly occur near shore Keystone predators in west coast kelp forests Voracious – Eat up to 25% of body weight daily (sea urchins, mollusks, crustaceans, fishes) Bring food to surface; feed while lying on back in water videovideo Females typically bear one pup on nearshore rocks

7. III. III.Marine Mammals A. A.Carnivora 2. 2.Polar bear (1 species) Semiaquatic: Considerable time in water Large body (reduces heat loss) Dense fur (guard hairs, underfur) Thick subcutaneous fat layer Black skin Feed primarily on seals Capture prey through breathing holes in ice videovideo Can consume up to 10% of body weight in 30 min. Impacted by climate change Loss of sea ice – Affects feeding Shorter winters – Affects hibernation Fig. 12-3

8. III. III.Marine Mammals B. B.Pinnipedia (suborder) Three families Eared seals (Otariidae) True seals (Phocidae) Walruses (Odobenidae) Evolved from terrestrial carnivores Predators – Fishes, squids Most prevalent at high latitudes Streamlined bodies Adapted for swimming & diving Blubber layer under skin Insulation Buoyancy Energy storage Inhibit loss of body heat through Large body size (low surface:volume) Bristly hair Adaptations for diving California Sea Lion

9. Fig. 12-4  Long neck Short neck  Eared seal (Otariidae) True seal (Phocidae) Pectoral swimming videovideo Walk on land videovideo Caudal swimming videovideo Undulate on land videovideo

10. III. III.Marine Mammals B. B.Pinnipedia (suborder) Three families Eared seals (Otariidae) True seals (Phocidae) Walruses (Odobenidae) Evolved from terrestrial carnivores Predators – Fishes, squids Most prevalent at high latitudes Streamlined bodies Adapted for swimming & diving Blubber layer under skin Insulation Buoyancy Energy storage Inhibit loss of body heat through Large body size (low surface:volume) Bristly hair Adaptations for diving California Sea Lion

11. Diving Adaptations Mammalian Diving Reflex Bradycardia Peripheral vasoconstriction Oxygen reservoir in tissues Collapsible ribcage