1. Knee Boney Anatomy Femur Medial condyle & epicondyle
Medial condyle of tibia
Femur
Patellar surface femur
Lateral condyle & epicondyle
Head fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Fibula

2. Medial Collateral Ligament

3. MCL Mechanism of Injury Valgus Stress
MCL Sprain
1st Degree nd Degree rd Degree

4. Valgus Stress Test Stresses MCL Valgus Stress at 0 - 5º

5. Lateral Collateral Ligament
LCL-

6. Stresses lateral structures
MOI of LCL Injury
Varus Stress Test
Stresses lateral structures
Varus Stress
Varus Stress at 0 º and 25 º to 30º of flexion

7. Anterior Cruciate Ligament

8. ACL Tear Signs and Symptoms Anterior instability Mechanism Swelling
Deceleration injury
IR of femur with knee flexed and foot planted
Hyperextension of knee
Swelling
Pop at time of injury
Pain with
AROM
PROM
Anterior instability
Decreased strength
Giving way or buckling
Signs and Symptoms

9. Grading Anterior Instability Medial view Right knee
Anterior Drawer Test
Grading Anterior Instability Medial view Right knee
Stabilize Foot
Check for hamstrings relaxation
Thumbs either side patellar tendon
Apply anterior force
Grade amount of translation

10. Lachman’s Test Better test than Anterior Drawer
Takes opposition of hamstrings out of play
Knee flexed 15 º - 30º
Stabilize femur
Apply anterior force to tibia

11. Pivot Shift Test Gold standard test for ACL Leg is externally rotated
Valgus force is applied as leg is flexed
Positive test indicated by clunk sensation

12. Posterior Cruciate Ligament

13. Posterior Sag Test Posterior Cruciate vs Anterior Cruciate
Athlete supine
Both knees flexed 90’
Observe laterally

14. Posterior Drawer Test PCL ACL Athlete supine Knee flexed 90’
Foot neutral
Sit on foot to stabilize it
Posterior force applied at tibial plateau
Positive test indicates PCL injury

15. Medial and Lateral Meniscus
Medial meniscus “C” shaped
Lateral meniscus more circular shaped
Mechanism of Injury
Squat with rotation
Internal rotation of femur
on fixed tibia

16. Joint Space Orientation
Lateral Meniscus
Medial Meniscus
Medial Joint Space
Lateral Joint Space

17. Mc Murray Test Flex knee fully
Palpate medial & lateral joint spaces with one hand
Rotate tibia opposite to femur as knee is extended
Palpable pop and/or pain indicate a positive test

18. Apley’s Compression Test
External rotation of tibia tests medial meniscus
Internal rotation of tibia tests lateral meniscus
Apley’s Distraction Test
Unloads the meniscus
Stressess MCL and LCL