1. FROM EXPLORATION TO INDEPENDENCE Canadian History The red & white bars represent the red & white seen in the French & British flags The Maple Leaf was used by the First Nations tribes and worn by troops in WWI & WWII

3. First Nations The First Nations are the native peoples of Canada. There were 12 tribes that made up the First Nations They came from Asia over 12,000 years ago. They crossed the Bering Land Bridge that joined Russia to Alaska. In 1999, Canada’s government gave the Nunavut Territory in northeast Canada to the Inuit as a reservation.

6. First Explorers: Brave, But Not Creative 1497: John Cabot explorers the coast of Canada for England & names it “Newfoundland” 1534: Jacques Cartier sailed the St. Lawrence River and named it “New France” 1608: Samuel de Champlain creates the colony Quebec for France  A large number of settlers died the first year, but were saved by the First Nations  The Colony survives by trapping beaver & selling it back to Europe

7. First Explorers They brought their two languages English and French with them. The French also brought their religion Catholic Christian and the English brought theirs, Protestant Christian. In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the French and British frequently fought over land and competed for the fur trade. This will lead to the French and Indian War!!!

9. Battle over Land It was United Kingdom and the Iroquois Indians versus France and the Huron Indians. By 1763, France had given up all of its claims to land in North America. Any French people who wanted to stay had to live in Quebec. In 1774, the British passed the Quebec Act, which guaranteed the French the right to maintain their own culture.  French Language  Catholic Church

10. How did Canada become Independent? Canada became part of Great Britain in the defeat of the French. The country started to expand, and by the mid- 1860s, people in Canada wanted to be united. They asked British Parliament to create a constitution allowing for increases self-government. The United Kingdom agreed to get rid of some of the responsibility of ruling such a big piece of land. Plus, they had better colonies by then.

12. This was a slow process. Canada Day celebrates day Canada was formed on July 1, 1867. Canadians ended up helping the United Kingdom during WW1, and began to want their own freedom. How did Canada become Independent?

13. In 1931, the British Parliament granted independence to Canada. The Canada Act of 1982, gave Canada the right to amend its own constitution and complete separation from Great Britain. This is when final ties were broken between the British and Canadian governments. However, the two countries still share the same monarch.

14. Quebec’s Independence Movement The people of Quebec desired independence from Canada to preserve their language and culture. People have voted on the issue twice, however both times they decided to stay with Canada as a whole. However, the government did pass several laws to protect the language and culture.

15. Quebec’s Independence Movement First, they made Canada bilingual. Quebec has also been officially labeled a “distinct society” in Canada. In Quebec, French is the only official language. However, English may be used to advertise, but they do have to put it after French words. Some people are happy with this, however some still believe Quebec should be independent.

16. Canada Map History: BEFORE THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

17. Canada Map History: AFTER THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

18. Canada Map History: BRITAIN HAS ALL CANADA

19. Canada Map History: BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT

20. Canada Map History: FULLY INDEPENDENT