1. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nucular Reactors: Classification and Technology Oliver Gothe Nucular Physics Laboratory Professor Ralf Gothe May 12, 2008

2. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Reaction Types Three main reaction types: Radioactive Decay Atomic Batteries Radioisotope thermoelectric generators passive Nuclear Fusion Not suitable for power production yet Nuclear Fission Used in most reactors including all commercial ones

3. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Reactors - Introduction Conventional thermal power plants All have a fuel source to provide heat Gas, coal, or oil Nuclear fission Uranium-235 or plutonium-239 Produce steam Drive a turbine that generates electricity (86%) Enriched uranium is uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased from that of uranium found in nature

4. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Radioactive Decay (passive) - RTG Electric Generator Obtains power from passive radioactive decays Utilized in satellites and space probes Seebeck effect Junction of two dissimilar metals at different temperatures create a current Fuel Long half life, low shielding... Plutonium 238 most common

5. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: Relatively constant power production Useful for long time missions Solar Panels not applicable Disadvantages: Decays over time May require shielding Radioactive waste

6. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fusion Experimental Technology Not yet in use Generally utilizes Hydrogen as fuel Contained with Magnetic fields Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor Not viable for power creation Neutron Generator

7. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission Reactors - Overview First Reactor: Chicago Pile-1 Enrico Fermi in 1942 Inspired by the discovery that Uranium fissions after being bombarded with neutrons Fission process creates new neutrons Creates chain reaction that needs to be moderated Unmoderated reaction used for bombs

8. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission - Process Fission is initialized in the reaction chamber Creates Chain reaction

9. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission - Process Fission is initialized in the reaction chamber Creates Chain reaction Moderators are used to control the amount of neutrons in the reactor chamber

10. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission - Process Fission is initialized in the reaction chamber Creates Chain reaction Moderators are used to control the amount of neutrons in the reactor chamber Heat released from fission is processed via heat exchangers or directly via steam turbines

11. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission - Process Turbines create electricity and the coolant is recycled through the reactor The environmental problems with nuclear reactors is the heat that is released into the environment from the condensors.

12. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission – Reactor Classification Two Types Thermal vs. Fast Neutron speeds Thermal Reactors (most common)‏ Classified by Moderator Material Absorption cross-section much smaller than fission cross-section Natural Uranium Fast Reactors No moderator Requires Enriched Uranium

13. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Fast Neutron Reactor Fuel must be enriched Produces fast neutrons Can be used for transmutation Fuel Production Breeder Reactors Fast Breeder Reactors

14. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission - Moderators Graphite moderate reactors Graphite has high neutron absorption cross section Water moderated reactors Heavy water moderated reactors can be fueled with unenriched uranium Light Water moderated reactors Negative feedback stabilizes reaction (neutron absorption) Light element moderated reactors are moderated by a light elements such as Li or Be Organically moderated reactors Use biphenyl and terphenyl as moderator and coolant

15. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission Reactors - Coolant Pressurized Water Cooling specialized pressure vessel A pressurizer is partially filled with water steam bubble is maintained above it by heating the water with submerged heaters Avoid film boiling

16. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission Reactors - Coolant Pressurized Water Cooling specialized pressure vessel A pressurizer is partially filled with water steam bubble is maintained above it by heating the water with submerged heaters Avoid film boiling

17. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Nuclear Fission Reactors - Coolant Boiling water reactor Simplification of designs for civilian purposes Heat is generated directly in the reaction chamber Chamber is still pressurized and boils at about 285 degrees Celsius

18. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Pool Type Reactors In pool type reactors the reactor core and control roads are immersed into a pool Water is simultaneously: Cooling agent Moderator Shielding Used for: Neutron generation Training Not for generating electricity

19. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors Liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor primary coolant is a liquid metal Used in nuclear submarine use extensively studied for power generation applications Fast Breeder Reactors Lead Sodium Bismuth Mercury

20. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Gas Cooled Reactors Gas cooled reactors Use inert gases such as Helium or Carbon dioxide to cool Some heat the gas enough to run turbines Older models run through heat exchangers to generate steam Can be refuelled while online Higher thermal efficiency than BWRs Uses fuel less efficiently though 1. Charge tubes 2. Control rods 3. Graphite moderator 4. Fuel assemblies 5. Concrete pressure vessel and radiation shielding 6. Gas circulator 7. Water 8. Water circulator 9. Heat exchanger 10. Steam

21. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Molten Salt Reactors Molten salt reactors cooled by circulating a molten salt mixture of fluoride salts, such as LiF and BeF2 Uranium is often dissolved in the matrix Maintenance issues Corrosion Can use spent fuel Immature Technology

22. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Generations of Nuclear Reactors Generation I reactors Developed in 1950-60s used natural uranium fuel graphite as moderator Generation II reactors use enriched uranium fuel mostly cooled and moderated by water Generation III advanced reactors developments of the second generation with enhanced safety. Generation IV drawing board burn the long-lived actinides now forming part of spent fuel

23. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Examples – Pressurized Water Reactor Pressurized Water Reactors high pressure liquid majority of current reactors considered the safest and most reliable Diablo Canyon

24. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Examples – Boiling Water Reactor Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)‏ Cooled and moderated by water Lower pressure Water boils in reactor Simpler Potentially more stable Substantial percentage of modern reactors Laguna Verde nuclear power plant

25. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Examples – Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)‏ Heavy water cooled and moderated Hundreds of pressure tubes Fueled with natural uranium Thermal neutron reactor design Can be refueled without shutdown CANDU at Qinshan

26. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Examples – High Power Channel Reactor High Power Channel Reactor (RBMK)‏ Produces plutonium as well as power Graphite moderator Too large to have containment buildings Chernobyl accident RBMK reactors are considered the most dangerous reactor designs in use The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant

27. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Examples – Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGCR)‏ Graphite moderated CO2 cooled High thermal efficiency compared with PWRs Thermal neutron reactor design Torness nuclear power station

28. Princeton - Department of Chemistry USC - Department of Physics Princeton - Department of Chemistry Nuclear Physics Lab – Oliver R. Gothe May 12, 2008 Questions?