1. Lecture 10: Wireless Networks Anders Västberg 08-790 44 55 vastberg@kth.se

2. Steps in an MTSO Controlled Call between Mobile Users Mobile unit initialization Mobile-originated call Paging Call accepted Ongoing call Handoff

3. Examples of Mobil Cellular Calls

4. Examples of Mobile Cellular Calls

6. Additional Functions in an MTSO Controlled Call Call blocking Call termination Call drop Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile subscriber

7. Mobile Radio Propagation Effects Signal strength –Must be strong enough between base station and mobile unit to maintain signal quality at the receiver –Must not be so strong as to create too much cochannel interference with channels in another cell using the same frequency band Fading –Signal propagation effects may disrupt the signal and cause errors

8. Handover Performance Metrics Cell blocking probability – probability of a new call being blocked Call dropping probability – probability that a call is terminated due to a handover Call completion probability – probability that an admitted call is not dropped before it terminates Probability of unsuccessful handover – probability that a handover is executed while the reception conditions are inadequate

9. Handover Performance Metrics Handoff blocking probability – probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed Handoff probability – probability that a handoff occurs before call termination Rate of handoff – number of handoffs per unit time Interruption duration – duration of time during a handoff in which a mobile is not connected to either base station Handoff delay – distance the mobile moves from the point at which the handoff should occur to the point at which it does occur

10. Handover Strategies Used to Determine Instant of Handover Relative signal strength Relative signal strength with threshold Relative signal strength with hysteresis Relative signal strength with hysteresis and threshold Prediction techniques

11. Handover decision

12. Power Control Design issues making it desirable to include dynamic power control in a cellular system –Received power must be sufficiently above the background noise for effective communication –Desirable to minimize power in the transmitted signal from the mobile Reduce cochannel interference, alleviate health concerns, save battery power –In SS systems using CDMA, it’s desirable to equalize the received power level from all mobile units at the BS

13. Types of Power Control Open-loop power control (CDMA) –Depends solely on mobile unit –No feedback from BS –Not as accurate as closed-loop, but can react quicker to fluctuations in signal strength Closed-loop power control –Adjusts signal strength in reverse channel based on metric of performance –BS makes power adjustment decision and communicates to mobile on control channel

14. Traffic Engineering Ideally, available channels would equal number of subscribers active at one time In practice, not feasible to have capacity handle all possible load For N simultaneous user capacity and L subscribers L  N – nonblocking system L > N – blocking system

15. Blocking System Performance Questions Probability that call request is blocked? What capacity is needed to achieve a certain upper bound on probability of blocking? What is the average delay? What capacity is needed to achieve a certain average delay?

16. Traffic Intensity Load presented to a system: = mean rate of calls attempted per unit time (Poisson-distributed) h = mean holding time per successful call (Exponentially-distributed) A = average number of calls arriving during average holding period, for normalized

17. Factors that Determine the Nature of the Traffic Model Manner in which blocked calls are handled –Lost calls delayed (LCD) – blocked calls put in a queue awaiting a free channel –Blocked calls rejected and dropped Lost calls cleared (LCC) – user waits before another attempt Lost calls held (LCH) – user repeatedly attempts calling Number of traffic sources –Whether number of users is assumed to be finite or infinite

18. Erlang-B (lost calls cleared)

19. Advantages of CDMA Cellular Frequency diversity – frequency-dependent transmission impairments have less effect on signal Multipath resistance – chipping codes used for CDMA exhibit low cross correlation and low autocorrelation Privacy – privacy is inherent since spread spectrum is obtained by use of noise-like signals Graceful degradation – system only gradually degrades as more users access the system

20. Drawbacks of CDMA Cellular Self-jamming – arriving transmissions from multiple users not aligned on chip boundaries unless users are perfectly synchronized Near-far problem – signals closer to the receiver are received with less attenuation than signals farther away Soft handoff – requires that the mobile acquires the new cell before it relinquishes the old; this is more complex than hard handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes

21. Mobile Wireless CDMA Design Considerations RAKE receiver – when multiple versions of a signal arrive more than one chip interval apart, RAKE receiver attempts to recover signals from multiple paths and combine them –This method achieves better performance than simply recovering dominant signal and treating remaining signals as noise Soft Handoff – mobile station temporarily connected to more than one base station simultaneously

22. Principle of RAKE Receiver

23. 1G: NMT 1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone First generation analog technology –NMT450 and NMT900 –Free standard ready 1973, 1977 –Network open 1981 in Sweden and Norway NMT450 covers 500000 km 2 area in Sweden (including surrounding waters) Analog traffic channel, digital control channel Not encrypted Bandwidth 25/12,5 kHz, 1999 channels available Data rate of 8-10 kHz

24. Differences Between First and Second Generation Systems Digital traffic channels – first-generation systems are almost purely analog; second-generation systems are digital Encryption – all second generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping Error detection and correction – second- generation digital traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception Channel access – second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users

25. 2G: GSM Deployed in mid 1990s, GSM systems all use digital voice coding and digital modulation. Can provide advanced call capabilities and a better system capacity (more users per unit bandwidth). Designed before the widespread of the Internet, mainly supported voice services and limited data services such as short messages (SMS), FAX, etc... Bandwidth 200 kHz, 8 channels per RF-channel Data rate: On the order of 10 kbps.

26. 2,5G Wireless Systems Enable higher data rates as compared to 2G systems. Provides variable data rates and connection to Internet. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) –Based on GSM by allowing multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual user, promises data rates from 56 kbps to 114 kbps. Connection to the Internet. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) –Provides data rates up to 384 kbps. It uses improved higher level modulation (8PSK modulation instead of GMSK) and relaxed error control coding.

27. 3G: UMTS Third Generation features are high transmission data rates and the support of multimedia services. A Wideband CDMA (5 MHz bandwidth) standard based on the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, designed to provide backward compatibility with GSM. Data rate up to 2 Mbps.

28. 4G: LTE Supports very high data rates and has very high spectral efficiency Variable bandwidths from 1,4-20 MHz Data rates up to 200/75 Mbit/s (down-/up- link) At least 200 users in a 5 MHz cell Support for fast moving mobile users See www.3gpp.org for more informationwww.3gpp.org

29. GSM Network Architecture

30. Mobile Station Mobile station communicates across U m interface (air interface) with base station transceiver in same cell as mobile unit Mobile equipment (ME) – physical terminal, such as a telephone or PCS –ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal processors and subscriber identity module (SIM) GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted –SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices

31. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) BSS consists of base station controller and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS) Each BTS defines a single cell –Includes radio antenna, radio transceiver and a link to a base station controller (BSC) BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff of mobile unit from one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging

32. Network Subsystem (NS) NS provides link between cellular network and public switched telecommunications networks –Controls handoffs between cells in different BSSs –Authenticates users and validates accounts –Enables worldwide roaming of mobile users Central element of NS is the mobile switching center (MSC)

33. Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Databases Home location register (HLR) database – stores information about each subscriber that belongs to it Visitor location register (VLR) database – maintains information about subscribers currently physically in the region Authentication center database (AuC) – used for authentication activities, holds encryption keys Equipment identity register database (EIR) – keeps track of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile station

34. Functions Provided by Protocols Protocols above the link layer of the GSM signaling protocol architecture provide specific functions: –Radio resource management –Mobility management –Connection management –Mobile application part (MAP) –BTS management

35. GSM Signaling Protocol Architecture

36. 2.5G GPRS: General Packet Radio Service –Bitrates from 9.05 to 171.2 kbit/s depending of number of Time slots allocated and coding scheme. EDGE: Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution –Data rates up to 384 kbit/s by using 8 PSK

37. ITU’s View of Third- Generation Capabilities Voice quality comparable to the public switched telephone network 144 kbps data rate available to users in high- speed motor vehicles over large areas 384 kbps available to pedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas Support for 2.048 Mbps for office use Symmetrical / asymmetrical data transmission rates Support for both packet switched and circuit switched data services

38. ITU’s View of Third- Generation Capabilities An adaptive interface to the Internet to reflect efficiently the common asymmetry between inbound and outbound traffic More efficient use of the available spectrum in general Support for a wide variety of mobile equipment Flexibility to allow the introduction of new services and technologies

39. CDMA Design Considerations Bandwidth – limit channel usage to 5 MHz Chip rate – depends on desired data rate, need for error control, and bandwidth limitations; 3 Mcps or more is reasonable Multirate – advantage is that the system can flexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from a given user and can efficiently use available capacity by only providing the capacity required for each service

40. UMTS Wideband CDMA Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz Bandwidth 4,4-5 MHz HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access –Data rates: 1,8, 3,6, 7,2 and 14,4 Mbit/s

41. Homework before F14 Beskriv hur protokolllagren i IEEE 802.11 ser ut. Vilka fysiska medium finns definierade för IEEE 802.11?