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ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps

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Presentation on theme: "ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps"— Presentation transcript:

1 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps
Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne January 16, 2007

2 Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures
Wireless Mobile Networking: An Introduction Infrastructure Network Topology Ad Hoc Network Topology Mobile Communication Infrastructures 1G 2G 2.5G 3G Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) Device Management January 16, 2007

3 Cellular Phone System List of Mobile Network Operators, January 16, 2007

4 Mobile Network Operators
T-Mobile (Germany) GMS, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) Cingular (U.S.) GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (TDMA) Verizon (U.S.) CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized data standard) Sprint/Nextel (U.S.) CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO, iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) January 16, 2007

5 Wireless Mobile Networking
Infrastructure Network Topology Fixed infrastructure with Wide Area Network coverage Mobile ↔ Mobile devices Mobile ↔ Fixed Computer Node Mobile device ↔ Servers January 16, 2007

6 Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)
Infrastructure Network Topology (WAN Access) Fiber-to-the-House, Cable Modem, DSL, Dial-up Wireless Access Points/Routers Wired Routers LAN, WLAN, WiMAX January 16, 2007

7 Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)
Ad Hoc Network Topology Single-Hop Peer-to-Peer Multi-hop Ad Hoc Network January 16, 2007

8 Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626 RFC3684 MANET Charter, MANET Internet Drafts, National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects, OPNET – MANET Discrete Event Simulation, January 16, 2007

9 Mobile Communication Infrastructures
1G Analog FM 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-switched connection GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data packet service on GSM network) EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384 Kbps) Support WAP, search, directory services, etc 3G January 16, 2007

10 The Mobile Telephone System
1 G Mobile Phone Analog voice 2 Generation Mobile Phone 2.5 G 3 G Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia, January 16, 2007

11 1st Generation Cellular Phone System
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982 Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) ISM 800-MHz band Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels ( MHz: 25 MHz band) Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels ( MHz: 25 MHz band) Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz) Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal No of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for voice Frequency Reuse Factor Reuse factor 7 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell In England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1 January 16, 2007

12 1st Generation Cellular Phone System
Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982 Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) ISM 800-MHz band Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels ( MHz: 25 MHz band) Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels ( MHz: 25 MHz band) Voice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulation Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal No of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for voice Frequency Reuse Factor Reuse factor 7 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell In England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1 January 16, 2007

13 2nd Generation Cellular Telephone System
D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) IS-136 TDMA-FDMA GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication) IS-95 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CDMA-FDMA January 16, 2007

14 Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System (D-AMTS)
Cells – geographic regions AMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km across D-AMPS Cells – Smaller Each cell uses some set of frequencies not used by any of its neighbors January 16, 2007

15 D-AMPS D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) Backward compatible with AMPS: FDMA
IS-54 (Interim standard 54) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136 Added to each sub-band Triple the no. of channels ISM 800 MHz band MHz range: Base station → Cellular phone (forward channels) MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station (reverse channels) January 16, 2007

16 Voice Signal Digitization
D-AMPS (continue) Voice Signal Digitization Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and compression 3 kHz → PCM Digitized →7.95 kbps digital voice channel TDMA 1 slot – 7.95 kbps 3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps Combined using TDMA TDMA Frame [ ] January 16, 2007

17 D-AMPS (continue) Digitized Voice Signal Transmission
25 frames per second 1944 bits per frame Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6 slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ ] Each channel: 2 slots 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits control, 101-bits for error correction QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying) 48.6 kbps → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog signal FDMA 25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal Reuse Factor 7 January 16, 2007

18 GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication)
Digital mobile telephony system launched in Finland in 1991 TDMA, Digitize and compress data 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) Capture 82.4% of all global mobile connection Widely used in Europe and Asia January 16, 2007

19 GMS (continue) Bands Transmission Reuse Factor 3 25 MHz band
124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands Transmission Voice channel → Digitize + Compress → 13-kbps digital signal 1 slot = bit 1 Frame (TDMA) = 8 slots; frame duration 120 ms A Multi-frame = 26 frames (TDMA) = kbps 26 frames = 24 traffic frames + 2 control frames 270.8 kbps → GMSK → 200 kHz signal (FDMA) Reuse Factor 3 January 16, 2007

20 IS-95 CDMA Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) Wireless Communications, Chapter Network Concepts and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, Springer, Bands and Channels Duplex using two bands ISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHz 20 Channels of MHz, guard bands 10 channels for each provider Can be used in parallel with AMPS 1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz) January 16, 2007

21 IS-95 CDMA (cont.) Base Channel Synchronization
Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System) Forward Transmission (base to mobile) 64 Digital Channels (3 kHz each) Voice 3 kHz → 9.6 kbps → Error-correcting & repeating bits → 19.2 kbps Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) pseudo random chip → Decimator (1 out of 64 bits) 64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA 1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps QPSK → MHz 25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA Channel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit sync Ch 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devices Ch 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channels Ch 32: give info about the system January 16, 2007

22 IS-95 CDMA (cont.) Reverse Transmission (Mobile to Base)
3 kHz Voice → Digitizer → 9.6 kbps → Error correcting & repetition → 28.8 kbps → 6-symbol chuck, 0-64, Symbol Modification → kbps = (28.8/6) x 64 ESN → Long Code Generator 42-bit → Mcps DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 94 Channels 62 Traffic channels 32 Base station access control channels 1.28 Mcps → QPSK → MHz FDMA 20 channel x MHz = 25 MHz January 16, 2007

23 Frequency Reuse Factor
IS-95 CDMA (cont.) Two Data Rate Sets Frequency Reuse Factor Interference from neighboring cells Reuse factor 1 Soft Handoff Every base station → Pilot channel broadcast Enable a mobile station to do a soft handoff January 16, 2007

24 Signal Modulation Techniques
Mobile Communication Infrastructures 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) 2G TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) + FDMA Digital Wireless Transmission Techniques Impulse transmission Infrared Pulse Transmission UWB (Ultra Wideband), impulse radio TDMA Cellular CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Spread Spectrum January 16, 2007

25 Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)
Analog Modulation Frequency Modulation (FM) Digital Frequency Modulation Digital (0, 1) FM – Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) GMSK (Guaussian Minimum Shift Keying) FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of 1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols Data In → Gaussian Filter → FM modulator Adopted by GMS January 16, 2007

26 Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)
Digital Phase Modulation (PSK) B-PSK (Binary Phase Modulation) [0, 1] – (cos2π fc t + 0º), (cos2π fc t + 180º) January 16, 2007

27 Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)
Digital Phase Modulation (PSK) QPSK (Quadrature PSK, 4 Phases) 11 – (cos2π fc t + 45º) 01 - (cos2π fc t + 135º) 00 – (cos2π fc t + 225º) or (cos2π fc t -135º) 11 - (cos2π fc t + 315º) or (cos2π fc t - 45º) January 16, 2007

28 Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)
π/4-QPSK – adopted by the North American TDMA digital cellular standard, IS-136 Two identical constellation – rotated by 45º or π/4 radians January 16, 2007

29 Frequency Reuse Factor 4
January 16, 2007

30 Frequency Reuse Factor 7
January 16, 2007

31 SIMO and MIMO Channels SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Radio Channel Complex receiver with adaptive smart antenna with M antenna elements MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Radio Channel N mobile antenna elements M base station antenna elements January 16, 2007

32 3rd Generation Technologies
A Combination of Technologies Audio and Video VoIP Still & Moving Images Digital Data UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service) Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Internet Surfing Video telephony, Video conferencing Always connected infrastructure January 16, 2007

33 3rd Generation Technologies
IMT-2000 (Internet Mobile Communication 2000) Voice quality (public telephone network) Data rate 144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle 384 kbps for access as the user walks 2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home) Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data services 2 GHz band 2 MHz Bandwidth Interface to Internet January 16, 2007

34 3rd Generation Technologies
IMT-2000 Radio Interface IMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMA Wideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMA Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95 IMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMA CDMA 2000 New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band (1.25 MHz) CDMA of I-95 IMT-TC (Time Code): CDMA & TDMA IMT-SC (Single Carrier): TDMA IMT-FT (Frequency time): TDMA & FDMA CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access Pioneered by Qualcomm January 16, 2007


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