1. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Josje Dikkers Amsterdam Center for Career Research Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands Work-Home Interference Does work load cause work-home interference or is it the other way around?

2. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Work-Home Interference The composition of the workforce has changed; more women have joined the workforce, and the number of dual earner families is rising. Some 40% of the Dutch workforce experiences conflicts between work and home (Geurts, Kompier, Roxburgh, & Houtman, 2003); in the USA 30% of employees and 40% of working parents report work- home conflicts (Bond, Galinsky, & Swanberg, 1998)

3. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Process whereby one’s functioning (and behavior) in the home domain is influenced negatively by demands from the work domain (Geurts & Demerouti, 2003)

4. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Antecedents Several reviews (e.g., Byron, 2005; Eby et al., 2005) distinguish between three main categories of antecedents: 1.work domain variables (e.g., schedule flexibility), 2.non-work or family domain variables (e.g., marital conflict), and 3.demographic and individual variables (e.g., income)

5. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Among work domain variables, research has consistently shown that work (over)load is related strongly to work-home interference –Employees experiencing high levels of work (over)load report high levels of work-home interference (WHI) However, most previous studies are cross-sectional; causal relationships could not be demonstrated

6. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Study Research question: what is the causal relationship between perceived quantitative workload and WHI? –Hypothesis 1: high levels of T1 workload are associated with increased levels of T2 WHI –Hypothesis 2: high levels of T1 WHI are associated with increased levels of T2 workload

7. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Workload Work-home interference Work-home interference Time 1 Time 2 H. 1 H. 2

8. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Method Sample: N = 828 Dutch police officers (85% male, M age = 42 years; 83% performing standard police work) Two-wave, full-panel design with a 1-year time interval Instruments: –Workload – NOVA-WEBA (Dhondt & Houtman, 1992; 1997) –WHI – SWING (Geurts et al., 2005) –Covariates – Gender and age –Reported job and family changes in-between the waves

9. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Reported changes in-between waves: 1.No job/family change(s) (N = 519) 2.Job change(s) (N = 126); mainly for better career opportunities (39%) and more challenging tasks (34%) 3.Family change(s) (N = 140) 4.Job & family change(s) (N = 31); mainly child(ren) leaving the house (26%), and childbirth (24%)

10. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Results Workload Work-home interference Work-home interference Time 1 Time 2 β =.12 β =.16 β =.57 β =.60

11. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Conclusions 1.Workload and WHI influence each other reciprocally over a 1-year period; dynamic process 2.Job and family changes did not have a substantial effect on workload and WHI, nor on their relationships 3.Theoretical implication: integrative WHI models 4.Practical implication: interventions at the workplace (family-friendly policies & culture) & individual level (active coping and planning)

12. ∩ CCR Amsterdam Center for Career Research Questions?