1. MSN 2004 Network Memory Servers: An idea whose time has come Glenford Mapp David Silcott Dhawal Thakker

2. MSN 2004 Motivation Networks are now much faster than disks Should be quicker to get data from the memory of another computer compared to using local disk Not a new idea - so what’s different?

3. MSN 2004 What’s different? Networks are faster and cheaper –Gigabit NICs are £35.00 –We could also see 10G NICs in the near future Memory is also cheaper –1GB = £100.00 –Likely to remain stable Availability of good “free” Oses –Linux and Free BSD

4. MSN 2004 Our approach is also different Previous approaches –Dominated by the Distributed Shared Memory crowd (Apollo System) –DSM never became mainstream lots of fundamental changes to OS platform required Exotic Hardware (e.g Scalable Coherent Interconnect or SCI) Network Memory became a casualty of this failure

5. MSN 2004 Previous Approach cont’d Remote paging was also one of the key areas (SAMSON project, NYU) Idle machines approach –Use memory of other machines in the network when no one is logged on but get off when the person returns –Very complex - how do you give guarantees to everyone

6. MSN 2004 Our Approach Applied Engineering Approach –what are the real numbers in this area Use the power of the Network –use standard networking approach –No DSM, no virtual memory plug-ins Client-Server approach –Dedicated servers with loads of memory

7. MSN 2004 Design of the Network Memory Server (NMS) NMS has an independent interface –Can interface with any OS not like Network Block Device (NBD) in Linux NMS is stateless –Does not keep track of previous interactions Actions of the NMS are regarded as atomic –Either complete success or total failure

8. MSN 2004 Design of NMS cont’d NMS deals with blocks of data –Has no idea how the blocks are being used Not like NFS Each block is uniquely identified by a block_id allocated by the NMS Each client is uniquely identified by a client_id

9. MSN 2004 Block_ids 64-bit entities –32 minor index –16 major index –16 bit security tag generated when the blocks are created checked before any read/write operation on a block

10. MSN 2004 NMS calls GetblockMemory(client_id, size, nblocks, options) –Creates a number of blocks of a certain size with consecutive block_ids returns the starting Block_id options - backup Release(client_id, block_id, nblocks) –Releases a number of consecutive block_ids

11. MSN 2004 NMS calls cont’d WriteBlockMemory(client_id, block_id, offset, length, *buf) –writes data in buffer to a block on the server ReadBlockMemory(client_id, block_id, offset, length, *buf) –reads data from a block on the server into a buffer

12. MSN 2004 NMS calls cont’d GetClientid(password) –creates a new client GetMasterBlock(password, client_id) –returns a number of blocks of sector/block_id mappings StoreMasterBlock(block_id, client_id, password, nblocks) –stores a number of sector/block_id mappings

13. MSN 2004 NMS Client How does a client use the NMS? –What interface is presented to the OS Interface is one that is used to support hard disks. In Linux, we use the block device interface So the OS thinks of the NMS service as a fast hard disk

14. MSN 2004 NMS Client cont’d So the OS tells the NMS client to read and write sectors. NMS client will take sectors and map them onto blocks which it gets from the NMS When block device is unmounted, we must store the sector/block_id mappings on the NMS

15. MSN 2004 NMS Cont’d The StoreMasterBlock call stores these mappings on the NMS When the device is remounted, it must first get the sector/block_id mappings from the NMS and rebuild the sector table. The GetMasterBlock call retrieves the mappings from the NMS

16. MSN 2004 NMS Client Cache Client also has a cache of blocks that are used to store recently used sectors – this is a secondary cache as the main caching is really done by the Unix Buffer Cache Design decision to keep our cache as a simple round-robin cache - –replace the next item pointed to in the cache

17. MSN 2004 NMS Client Operations Since we are not a normal disk, we do not need to rearrange read and write operations So we attempt to read and write blocks as the requests come in. Also developed a write-out thread operation. So a special thread, called the Write-out thread writes modified blocks to the NMS

18. MSN 2004 NMS Client Implementation Operating System Block Device Interface Sector / Block_id Hash Table Cache Programs Unix Buffer Cache Write-Out Queue (Two levels) NMS Block Device

19. MSN 2004 Getting a sector Is sector in Hash table Yes Is it in the cache Is it a read Yes Return Rubbish Get Block_id From NMS. Put Entry in Hash Table Is it a read Get Data from NMS Server; put in cache entry Is the cache full Replace Entry Has replaced entry been modified Put it on Write Out Queue Get New Cache Entry Read from/ Write to Cache Entry OK Write Data to Cache Entry Yes No Yes No Yes No

20. MSN 2004 Structures on NMS Server Client_id Hash Table Block_id Hash Table (Two-level) Allocated Memory Memory for Clients Memory for Internal Use by the NMS

21. MSN 2004 Testing and Evaluation What do we really want to know What does it take to operate faster than a hard disk? –Can you use standard hardware (Middlesex) –Do you need special hardware (Cambridge) Level 5 Networks What are the key parameters in this space

22. MSN 2004 What do you measure What happens if we change the block size of the data transfer What happens if we change the number of units transferred in one transfer –Added multi-write operation Is local caching any good What is the network traffic like

23. MSN 2004 Using Iozone Iozone is quite popular –Measures the memory hierarchy Disk particulars –60 GB, 2MB buffer, 7200 RPM, Seek Time 9.0 ms, Average latency 4.16ms Network - – using Intel E1000 NICs and Netgear Gigabit Switch (GS 104); using UDP port 6111 NMS client and server implemented as Linux kernel modules

24. MSN 2004

31. Conclusions and Future We can beat the disk Will compare these results with those using Level 5 hardware (Rip Sohan, LCE) Open source release planned Developing a Network Storage Server Building prototypes –running Linux and Windows using NMS