2. The Skeletal System- Day 1 The Muscular System-Day 2 The Nervous System- Day 3 Review- Day 4 Test- Day 5

3. The Skeletal System

4. The skeletal system provides a living structure for the body.

5. cartilage ossification ligament tendon scoliosis osteoporosis

6. The skeletal system consists of bones and connective tissue. Your skeletal system consists of 206 bones and the attached connective tissues.

7. Skeletal System Functions Providing support for the body Protecting internal tissues and organs from damage Acting as a framework for attached muscles Allowing movement of limbs and digits Producing new red and white blood cells Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus      

8.  Bone tissue is surrounded by calcium phosphate and other minerals.

9.  Bone shapes include long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bone (humerus) Flat bone (rib) Short bone (wrist)

10. Three Types of Connective Tissue CartilageLigamentsTendons

11.  Cartilage can act as a cushion between two bones or as a flexible structure for soft parts of the body, such as the tip of the nose. Cartilage A strong, flexible connective tissue

12.  All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage. Early in development, the cartilage hardens in a process called ossification. Ossification The process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired

13.  Ligaments attach to bones to create joints. Ligament A band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another

14.  Muscles and tendons work together to move parts of the body. Tendon A fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone

15.  Joints are points at which bones meet. Some joints are flexible and some do not move.   The structure of a joint relates to the type of motion it can produce.

16. Flexible Joints Ball-And-Socket Joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints Ellipsoidal Joints

17.  A ball-and-socket joint is a movable joint, with one bone that is rounded and fits within another bone Hip (ball-and-socket joint)

18.  The knee joint is one example of a hinge joint. Knee (hinge joint)

19. A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and regular checkups are ways to care for your skeletal system. Your overall health depends on the health of your skeletal system.

20. Caring for the Skeletal System Eat a healthy diet, including foods high in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus.  Get regular physical activity, including weight-bearing exercises. Have regular checkups to keep your skeletal system healthy. Wear protective gear during sports.   

21.  During regular checkups, your doctor can screen you for skeletal disorders such as scoliosis. Scoliosis A lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine

22. Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system. Degenerative disorders, poor nutrition, infections, sports injuries, and poor posture can lead to problems of the skeletal system.

23. Compound Fractures Simple Fractures The broken end of the bone breaks through the skin. The broken bone does not break through the skin. A fracture is any type of break in a bone.

24. Hairline Fractures Transverse Fractures Parts of the bone do not separate. The fracture is completely across the bone. Comminuted Fractures The bone shatters into more than two pieces. Fractures are also classified by the pattern of the break.

25. Dislocation Torn Cartilage Occurs when a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint. Can result from a sharp blow to a joint or a severe twisting of a joint. Bursitis Painful inflammation of bursa, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints. Bunions Painful swellings of the bursae in the first joints of big toes. Arthritis Inflammation of a joint, resulting from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease.

26.  Prolonged, repeated movements can damage tissues.   Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell, causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand.

27.  A bone scan can detect signs of osteoporosis, a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle. Osteoporosis A condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue

28. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary The skeletal system provides support for the body, protects internal tissues and organs from damage, acts as a framework for attached muscles, allows movement of limbs and digits, produces new red and white blood cells, and stores fat and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. 1.How does the skeletal system affect other body systems?

29. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 2.How do bones form? All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage. Early in development, the cartilage hardens into bone through ossification.

30. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 3.How can you help avoid injury to your bones and joints? Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, wearing protective gear during physical activity, and getting regular checkups

31. The Muscular System

32. The muscular system enables the limbs and other parts of the body to move.

33. smooth muscles skeletal muscles flexor extensor cardiac muscle tendinitis hernia

34. The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary movements. Your muscular system allows you to move.

35.  Involuntary muscle movements help you breathe, make your heart beat, and move food through your digestive system.

36.  Skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement.

37. Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can shorten and stretch to make muscles move. Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds of bundles of muscle fibers.

38.  When bundles of muscles are stimulated by nerve impulses, or signals, they contract, or shorten.   When they relax, the bundles extend, or stretch.

39. Three Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle

40.  Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles Muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs

41.  Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and almost all skeletal muscles are under voluntary control. Skeletal muscles Muscles attached to bone that cause body movements

42.  When you bend and straighten your arm at the elbow, the biceps is the flexor. Flexor The muscle that closes a joint

43.  When you bend and straighten your arm at the elbow, the triceps is the extensor. Extensor The muscle that opens a joint

44.  Cardiac muscle is involuntary and is responsible for the contraction of your heart. Your heart beats 100,000 times each day. Cardiac muscle A type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart

45. Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise will help you care for your muscular system. Muscle tone is the natural tension in the fibers of a muscle.

46. Get regular exercise. Eat high protein foods to build muscle. Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles. Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect muscles during any physical activity. Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down after exercising to prevent injury.

47.  Prepare your muscles by stretching before beginning a workout.

48. Caring for the muscular system can help prevent health problems and injuries. Recovery from muscle injuries varies according to the type and severity of the injury or disease.

49.  Bruises are areas of discolored skin that appear after an injury that causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leak.   Large bruises can be treated with an ice pack to reduce initial swelling.

50.  Muscle strains or sprains result when muscles are stretched or partially torn from overexertion.   Apply ice to strains to reduce swelling, and rest the affected area.

51.  Tendinitis can be caused by injury, overuse, or natural aging. Tendinitis The inflammation of a tendon

52.  Hernias commonly occur in the abdomen from straining to lift a heavy object. Surgery can usually repair hernias. Hernia An organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

53.  Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed.   There is no cure, but with early detection, muscle weakness can be delayed through exercise programs.

54. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary movements. 1.What are the functions of the muscular system?

55. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 2.Where is smooth muscle found? Smooth muscle is found in the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs, such as in the digestive tract, the urinary bladder, the lining of the blood vessels, and passageways into the lungs.

56. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 3.What is a hernia? How can you get one? A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle. A hernia in the abdomen can be caused by straining to lift a heavy object.

57. The Nervous System

58. The nervous system sends messages through the nerves to coordinate all the body’s activities.

59. neurons cerebrum cerebellum brain stem epilepsy cerebral palsy

60. The nervous system coordinates all of the activities in the body. Your nervous system is a complex network that allows communication between the brain and parts of the body.

61.  The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work together, transmitting messages between organs, tissues, and cells.

62.  The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.   The peripheral nervous system (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside your body.

63.  The PNS includes nerves that extend from the brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors, such as those in the skin.   The CNS receives messages from the nerves in the PNS, interprets them, and sends out a response.

64. Neurons transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

65.  Neurons transmit messages to and from the spinal cord and brain. Neurons Nerve cells

66. The Three Types of Neurons Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Interneurons Carry messages from receptors in the body to the CNS. Carry messages from the CNS back to muscles or glands in response to an impulse. Communicate with and connect other neurons.

67. The Three Main Parts of a Neuron Cell BodyDendritesAxons

68.  The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus, which regulates the production of proteins within the cell.

69.  Dendrites are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons.   Dendrites receive information and transmit impulses toward the cell body.

70.  Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland.

71.  A nerve impulse begins when a sensory receptor is stimulated. The impulse travels to the CNS and is interpreted with the help of an interneuron.   Then an impulse is sent to a muscle cell or gland in response to the stimulus.

72. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord send and receive impulses to and from nerves in the body.

73.  The brain coordinates and controls the activities of the nervous system.   Your brain helps you to receive and process messages; to think, remember, reason, and feel emotions; and to coordinate muscle movements.

74. Three Main Divisions of the Brain The Cerebrum The Cerebellum The Brain Stem

75.  Billions of neurons in the cerebrum are the center of conscious thought, learning, and memory. cerebrum The largest and most complex part of the brain

76.  The cerebrum’s right and left sides, or hemispheres, communicate with each other to coordinate movement.   The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

77. The center of language, reasoning, and critical thinking skills. The center for processing music and art and comprehendin g spatial relationships. Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere

78. Each hemisphere of the brain has four lobes. The Frontal Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Occipital Lobe The Temporal Lobe Controls voluntary movements and has a role in use of language. Possibly involved with intellect and personality. Involved with sensory information, including feelings of heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space. Controls the sense of sight. Contains the sense of hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.

79.  The cerebellum coordinates the movement of skeletal muscles and maintains the body’s posture and balance. Cerebellum The second largest part of the brain

80.  Incoming sensory impulses and outgoing motor impulses pass through the brain stem. Brain stem A 3-inch-long stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

82. Parts of the Brain Stem The medulla oblongata Regulates heartbeat, respiratory rate, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing. The pons The midbrain The thalamus The hypothalamus Helps regulate breathing and controls the muscles of the eyes and face. Controls eyeball movement, pupil size, and the reflexive response of turning your head. Relays incoming sensory impulses from the eyes, the ears, and from pressure receptors in the skin. Regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep, and controls secretions from the pituitary gland.

83. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord. The PNS carries messages between the CNS and part of the body, signaling internal and external changes.

84.  The PNS is made up of:  the autonomic nervous system  the somatic nervous system

85.  The autonomic nervous system controls such involuntary functions as digestion and heart rate.

86.  The autonomic nervous system consists of a network of nerves divided into two smaller networks:  the sympathetic nervous system the parasympathetic nervous system

87.  The sympathetic nervous system causes a reflex when you are startled, sending messages that cause your heart rate to increase.   Blood vessels in your muscles dilate, allowing greater blood flow and preparing you to react in a dangerous situation.

88.  A reflex is the body’s spontaneous response to a stimulus.   Reflexes can prevent injuries such as a burn from a hot stove.

89. How Your Reflexes Work

90.  The parasympathetic nervous system slows body functions during periods of rest to conserve energy.   It also stimulates production of saliva and stomach secretions to promote the digestion of food.

91.  The somatic nervous system involves voluntary responses that are under your control.   Sensory neurons relay messages from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the CNS, and motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

92. Making healthful choices can protect your nervous system from injury. Making healthful choices keeps a nervous system functioning properly.

93. Eat a well-balanced diet Exercise regularly Get enough sleep Wear a safety belt when in a motor vehicle. Never dive into shallow water Wear a helmet and other protective gear while riding a bicycle, motorcycle, or other open vehicle, or when enjoying a contact sport. Do not use drugs and alcohol, which can permanently damage nerve cells.       

94. Injury to the nervous system affects the immediate tissues, and may lead to other problems, including: Headaches Head Injuries Spinal Injuries Meningitis

95.  Headaches can be caused by muscle tension, eyestrain, exposure to fumes, a sinus infection, dehydration, or food allergies.   Migraines are recurrent headaches that may be accompanied by sensitivity to light.

96. Each year, 435,000 American children and teens sustain brain injuries. ConcussionContusionComa a temporary loss of consciousness a bruising of the brain tissues that causes swelling caused by major trauma

97.  Spinal cord injuries require medical care.   Swelling of the spinal cord or the tissue around it can result in temporary loss of nerve function. If the spinal cord is severed, paralysis results.

98.  Meningitis is an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection.   Meningitis is very serious and can result in death.

99.  Degenerative nervous system diseases occur over time as cells break down. Multiple SclerosisParkinson’s Disease Alzheimer’s

100.  Causes of epilepsy include brain damage at birth, infections, head injury, or exposure to toxins. Epilepsy A disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures—sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

101.  Physical therapy and medication help patients cope with cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy A group of neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood

102. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary The nucleus is located in the cell body. 1.Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?

103. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 2.How can a reflex prevent injury? A reflex is a spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus. Reflexes allow a person to respond to and avoid danger.

104. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 3.What are some causes of nervous diseases and disorders? Some diseases of the nervous system are degenerative, while others may result from head injury or neurological problems.

105. Review!

106. Test !