1. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Muscles that are needed to create movement for exercise and sport are VOLUNTARY MUSCLES – GROSS and FINE MOTOR SKILLS. When muscles increase in size it is known as MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY When people lose muscle mass, it is known as ATROPHY.

2. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Moves the shoulder and draws the arm across the chest Bends (flexes) the trunk or spine so that you can bend forward Bends (flexes) the arm at the elbow joint Straightens (extends) the leg at the knee joint Raises the arm forwards, backwards and sideways at the shoulder Maintains shoulder position, rotates the shoulder and moves the head Straightens (extends) the arm at the elbow joint Pulls the arm down, draws the arm behind the back Pulls the leg back at the hip when standing and climbing Bends (flexes) the leg at the knee Straightens (extends) the ankle joint Pectorals (Pecs) Biceps Rectus abdominis (abs) Deltoid Trapezius (traps) Triceps Latissimus dorsi (lats) Gluteus maximus Hamstring Quadriceps (quads) Gastrocnemius (calf) Show/hide arrows Show/hide names Show/hide functions Major Muscles

3. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B GCSE Physical Education UNIT 1 - Information Voluntary muscle contains MUSCLE FIBRES, which, when stimulated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) contract or extend. Muscle Fibres Bicep muscle A muscle fibre Slow twitch (red) Fast twitch (white) Bundle of fibres There are 2 main types of MUSCLE FIBRE 1)SLOW TWITCH 2)FAST TWITCH

4. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information All muscles have a mixture of fast and slow twitch fibres. The mix is inherited, but both types can be trained to function better. The type of muscle fibre can often determine performance in different physical activities. Muscle action in all physical activity/ sport requires a contribution from each muscle fibre type. Muscle Fibres

5. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Characteristics of Muscle Fibres FAST TWITCHSLOW TWITCH SIZE LARGESMALL COLOUR WHITERED SPEED OF CONTRACTION QUICKSLOW FORCE GENERATED LARGESMALL FATIGUE QUICK (Work without O 2 – anaerobically) SLOW (Good O 2 supply) PHYSICAL ACTIVITY POWER, STRENGTH, EXPLOSIVE EVENTS CV ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES

6. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information MAIN MENU The Major Muscles Used In The Leg For Extension And Flexion Of The Hips And Knee Gluteus maximus contracts to extend hip ‘Hamstrings’ contract to extend hip and flex knee ‘Quadriceps’ relaxed ‘Hamstrings’ relaxed ‘Quadriceps’ contract to flex hip and extend knee

7. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information The Major Muscles Used In The Extension And Flexion Of The Arm EXTENSION Right arm viewed from the side Origin tendons Biceps relaxed Triceps contracted to extend elbow Ulna FLEXION Right arm viewed from the side Radius Insertion tendon Humerus Scapula Triceps relaxed Humerus Biceps contracted to flex elbow Radius Ulna

8. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Muscles can PULL by CONTRACTION: they cannot push. Muscles NEVER work alone – they always work in pairs or groups. As one muscle contracts, another will relax. These pairs of muscles are called ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS. The muscles that bring the bones together are the PRIME MOVERS or AGONISTS (they cause the contraction). The opposite to this are the ANTAGONISTIC muscles – those which relax. MUSCLES IN ACTION

9. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Other muscles called SYNERGISTS contract at the same time as the AGONIST to help it work smoothly – stop unnecessary movement. FIXATORS are muscles which contract to steady parts of the body to allow the working muscles a firm base. Muscles have two ends and these are attached to bones by TENDONS. 1) The end that attaches to the FIXED bone is called the ORIGIN. 2) The other end is called the INSERTION and is attached to the MOVING bone. MUSCLES IN ACTION

10. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Muscles contract in different ways to produce a range of movements: TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION ISOTONICISOMETRICISOKINETIC Concentric contraction Eccentric contraction Muscle shortens as it contracts Ends of muscle move closer together Muscle lengthens but is still under tension Ends of muscle move further apart Muscle remains the same length No movement as a result Helps to improve posture and strength These contractions occur when the speed of the contraction remains constant

11. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information The LEVER SYSTEM in the body is formed wherever a MUSCLE is attached to a BONE. The MUSCLES use the BONES as the LEVERS against which they work to cause movement. MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS FUNCTIONS OF A LEVER Generates more force to move larger weights Produces a greater range of movement Increases speed at which the body moves

12. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information All levers have the same characteristic: P/F PIVOT or FULCRUM – the point of movement that takes the strain of one moving away from another. L/R LOAD or RESISTANCE – Body weight or external weight. E EFFORT – A muscular force to move the load. In the body, these are the:- P/F – Joints. L/R – Body weight or external weight. E– Muscles and Bones. MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

13. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information There are 3 types of lever in the body, each of which is capable of producing different types and ranges of movements and forces. Levers are classified according to the positions of: MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS E F L EFFORTFULCRUM / PIVOT LOAD / RESISTANCE

14. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information In the 3 rd class lever, the effort E is between the fulcrum F and the load L. MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS In this type of lever the muscle is attached close to the joint allowing a long lever movement from a small muscular contraction. Show/Hide arm F E L E F L LOAD / RESISTANCE EFFORT FULCRUM / PIVOT

15. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information The use of this lever is to gain SPEED of movement of the LOAD. The longer the lever, the greater is the turning force at the end of it e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs, fully extended arm while bowling in cricket. The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

16. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture (the way the body is held in position). Muscles will hypertrophy (increase in size). Muscles will develop better endurance. MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE Sporting Performance Healthy Lifestyle Muscle tone can be seen when muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action

17. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Information Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks such as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury, as good posture reduces the strain on muscles; tendons and ligaments. Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success, e.g. the position throughout the golf swing. People with good posture also feel better about themselves. An upright body position is often a sign of self confidence. People who are less confident will sometimes show this in their body language, e.g. by adopting a slouched posture. The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE

18. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 – Practical Application 1. The third-order lever is the most common type of lever found in the human body. Using the diagrams to help you, describe how a 3 rd class lever works in the human body. F E L L LOAD / RESISTANCE E EFFORT F FULCRUM / PIVOT E F L

19. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 – Practical Application 2.Try and identify where the Fulcrum, Load and Effort are in the following movements: (i) Contraction of lower leg in readiness to kick a ball. (ii) Squatting in readiness to forward roll: legs.

20. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 – Practical Application 3.Look at the labelled diagrams of the muscular system. Match each label with its corresponding function by dragging the number and dropping it next to the correct label. Pectorals Biceps Abdominals Deltoid Triceps Latissimus dorsi Gluteals Hamstring Quadriceps Gastrocnemius Obliques Flexes the knee and extends the hip Extends the knee and flexes the hip Extends the hip Sideways flexion and rotation of spine Extends and adducts the shoulders Flexes, abducts and rotates the shoulders Adducts and rotates the shoulders Flexes the elbow Extends the elbow Flexes the spine Points the foot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777 8888 9999 10 11

21. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Links Skeletal system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Aerobic / anaerobic systems Energy continuum Training zones Intensity / duration of exercise Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body Long-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body Body type

22. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 - Activity 1.What are the functions of levers in the body? 2.What role do the bones, joints and muscles play in the lever system of the body? 3.Where is a lever system formed in the body? 4.“The 3 rd -class lever causes a small contraction of the biceps when bending your arm, which produces a large movement of the forearm.” What other advantage does this type of lever system give?

23. GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement SECTION B UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary KEY FACTS MOVEMENT Optimal sporting performance Healthy Lifestyles Skeletal system Functions Bones – Appendicular/Axial Joints Type – Location – Movement allowed Ligaments Tendons Cartilage Muscular system Functions Types/Voluntary/ Involuntary/Cardiac Fibre Types Slow / Fast Characteristics Antagonistic Muscle Action Origin / Insertion 3 rd Order Levers