1. + A RGUMENTS B ASED ON L OGOS Originally from Mr. Jeff Olsen

2. + A PPEALS TO L OGOS ( OR LOGIC ) Arguments based on facts, evidence and reason “Hard Evidence” Inartistic Appeals: Facts, clues, statistics, testimony, witness accounts “Reason and Common Sense” Artistic Appeals: This and that go together because (enter own explanation here).

3. + Examples You and a partner will come up with the following three “logos appeals,” filling in the blanks with whatever you want – obviously must be school appropriate, and must be arguable. For instance, “veloceraptor is the best dinosaur.” Hard evidence that ___________ is the best _____________. Reasoning that _____________ is the best _______________. Common sense that _______________ is the best __________.

4. + Mrs,Queen’s Example Aaron Rogers is the best quarter back in the league because “so far during the 2011-2012 season... [in] over 15 games, he has a QB rating of 122.5% (crazy high level), he has completed 68.3% of his passes, thrown 45 TDs and only 6 interceptions, while averaging 309 yards per game” (Squid Sports).games Aaron Rogers is the best quarter back in the league because he seems to be “ best” material. He has an air about him of general trustworthiness, affability, and great leadership. Since the best usually have these qualities (among others), he is just as right for the position as anyone.

5. + P ROVIDING “H ARD E VIDENCE ” Aristotle believed that all arguments could be reduced to two components: Statement + Proof As a writer, or rhetorician, you may wish to consider all arguments as consisting of these two components: Claim + Supporting Evidence

6. + P ROVIDING “H ARD E VIDENCE ” But what happens when your “hard evidence” (i.e. your facts) isn’t that “hard”?

7. + P ROVIDING “H ARD E VIDENCE ” Statistics Can the same figure mean two things? Surveys and Polls Can the same findings be presented in two or more ways? Testimonies, Narratives and Interviews How do these depend on ethos and pathos?

8. + I N L IEU OF “H ARD E VIDENCE ” Using Reason and Common Sense Deductive Reasoning: All cats are animals Mango is a cat Therefore, Mango is an animal Enthymemes = Claims + Reasons You should arrive early for class, because finding parking is difficult.

9. + I N L IEU OF “H ARD E VIDENCE ” With a partner, elaborate on these enthymemes. Include at least four supporting statements. ~ You should turn off your cell phone because.... ~ Plan to get a ride from someone other than your little sister, because.... ~ Be sure and take your ID to the store because....

10. + I N L IEU OF “H ARD E VIDENCE ” Cultural Assumptions and Values With a partner, identify three fundamental beliefs about our country that are traditionally shared by Americans. “All Americans ___________.”

11. + L OGICAL S TRUCTURES FOR A RGUMENTS Degree “More of a good thing is good and more of a bad thing is bad.” Analogies Development of a comparative argument. Precedent Beware of the concept that because it’s been done before, it should continue to be done this way.