1. Renewable Energy and Rural Development in Myanmar
Melia Hanoi, Hanoi Vietnam 20th,November,2012

2. Contents
Country Data
Energy Sector of Myanmar
Renewable Energy and Rural Development in Myanmar
CDM Possibilities
Conclusion

3. Republic The Union of Myanmar
Location: Latitude ° 32’ – 28° 31’ N
Longitude 92° 10’ – 101° 11’ E
Land wise
North to South 2,060 Km
East to West Km
Area: million-hectares
(676,577 sq km)
Population million
Growth rate 1.84%
Rural population 69%
North China
East Thailand and Laos PDR
West India and Bangladesh
South Thailand 3

4. Energy Sector of Myanmar
Oil and Gas Sub-sector Ministry of Energy
Electric Power Sector Ministry of Electric Power
Biomass (Fuel wood) Sector Ministry of Forestry
Coal Sub-sector Ministry of Mines
Renewable Energy Ministry of Science &Technology

5. Policy for Energy Development
Increase Self-Sufficiency
Promote the utilization of renewable energy
Prevent deforestation caused by excessive use of fuel wood and charcoal

6. Energy Status of The Country

7. Energy Consumption by Types

8. Potential Energy Resources in Myanmar
Crude oil ( offshore & on-shore )
( proven + probable )
MMBBL ( Million barrel )
Natural gas ( offshore & on-shore )
TSCF ( Trillion Std. Cubic Feet )
Hydro power
108,000 MW ( Mega Watt )
Coal
711 Million Metric Tons
Biomass
54 million acres covered with forest amounting to 32.3 % of total land area
Potential available annual yield of wood-fuel up to million cubic ton
18.56 million acre of lands could generate residues, by products or direct feed stocks for biomass energy
209 million heads of livestock could generate animal waste for biogas
Wind
365.1 TWH per year ( Terra Watt Hour/year )
Costal strip of 2,832 Km with
Southwesterly wind – 9 months
Northeasterly wind – 3 months
Solar power
51,973.8 TWH per year ( Terra Watt Hour / year )

9. Power Generation By Hydropower, Coal and Gas

10. Goals for Renewable Energy Development
To minimize the country’s reliance on imported fuels.
To create alternative markets for agricultural commodities.
To ensure both food and energy security.
To increase in rural employment
To develop small and medium industries through benefits from emerging bio-energy opportunities.
To reduce the environmental pollution on local, regional and global scale.
To sustain environmental conditions.
To reduce the poverty in rural area

11. Renewable Energy and Rural Development in Myanmar
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Tidal Energy in Myanmar
Biomass Energy
- Biogas
- Rice Husk Gasifier
- Biofuel

12. Solar Energy
Sun shine all year round, especially in the Central Myanmar Dry Zone Area
Potential available solar energy of Myanmar is around TWh per year
Salt industry and other dry food industries are conventionally applied at commercial scale
Research and innovation of solar heating systems are carrying out by some private entrepreneurs, NGOs and departmental concern
Solar water heater application in cold areas and hotels has been found to be extensive through out the country

13. Establishment of
- village domestic water supply system (more than 75 stations)
- vaccine refrigeration system (about 400 units)
at remote appeared in Myanmar around 2007.
Market potential for SPV modules is high in Myanmar.
SPV modules imported from Singapore, Thailand, China, India and Japan are commonly available Myanmar market.

14. Wind Energy
Potentially available Wind Energy of Wh per year (NEDO of Japan performed in 1997 )
Promising areas to harness wind energy are in three regions
- Hilly Regions of Chin and Shan states
- Coastal regions in the south and western part of the
country
- Central part of Myanmar.
Wind power potential in Myanmar is relatively low and irregular

15. Only a very few small wind generators are used in lower part of the country.
W capacity are available in private market and mostly are imported from China.
Individual scale of water-pumping, wind mill & generate electricity in rural area.

16. Chaung Thar Hybrid Power Supply System Project
Objective: Demonstrative research on a grid-connected PV systems
NEWJEC, INC
Dept. of Electric Power, MOEP
US$ 5 million

17. Chaung Thar Hybrid Power Supply System Project
Street lighting contributing to the safer environment during the night
Night lighting contributing to the extension of villagers’ economic and productive activities
Clinic lighting, more vaccine refrigeration and more power for medical equipment usage
Approx ton of carbon dioxide reduction in a year
Population
6,325 / 1307 households
Public Facilities:
1 High School
2 Monasteries with 2 Community Halls
1 Hospital with 16 Beds
1 Police Station
1 MEPE office
1 Post & Telecom Office & Street Lighting

18. Hydropower Hydropower Resources in Myanmar Sr. No State/Region
Numbers of Potentials
Capacity (MW)
>10MW
≤50 MW
>50 MW 1
Kachin State 5 14
18,744.5 2
Kayah State 3
954.0
Kayin State 8
7,064.0 4
Sagaing Region
2,830.0
Tanintharyi Region
711.0 6
Bago Region
538.0 7
Magway Region
359.0
Mandalay Region
1,555.0 9
Mon State
290.0 10
Rakhine State
764.5 11
Shan States
East
719.8
South
7,569.5
North -
4,000.0
>10 MW 32 60
46,099.30 12
<10MW
210
231.25
Total

19. Micro-hydro Energy Myanmar has abundant small hydro potentials
Turbine manufacturing and installation technology.
The small hydro potential, nearly 60 sites suitable for small hydro (170 MW in total potential output).
Up to 2008, 33 small hydro power projects were generating (35.97MW)
Village Hydros (<50kW) and turbine generator installations of 1 kW or less in hilly regions.

20. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION WITH MICRO HYDRO (PALETWA, CHIN STATE )

21. Paletwa Mini Hydropower Project ( Chin State )
Population List
Name of township - Paletwa
Household
Population
Livelihood - Fishing, Agriculture
No. of schools - 2
Paletwa Mini Hydropower Project ( Chin State )
Power output -25kW x 2 Nos.

22. Tidal Energy
Myanmar has more than 2800 km of coastline with numerous small creeks suitable for harnessing the tidal energy
available for electrification of rural remote villages
Tidal Energy Project (Kanbalar) Village, Ayeyarwaddy Division in Myanmar
Site Location
Name of Village - Kanbalar
Township - Ngapu-daw, Pathein, Ayeyarwaddy Division
House hold /Population / 1200
Distance from National Grid km

23. Tidal Power for rural remote Project Kanbalar Village, Ayeyarwaddy Division
Barrage style (Old Technology) was chosen to suit local conditions and facilities available in Myanmar

24. Villagers working with together
Possibility of running 10 numbers of turbine parallely.
The cost for turbine and accessories is only US$ 500 (by voluntary villagers)

25. The generating hours daily with high and low tide
Two tides every day, for generating 6 hrs for each tide come to 12 hrs/day (Day time generation used for charging batteries, night time generation used for direct lighting)
Generator used was single phase permanent magnetic type alternator
Material need to be chosen for resistance to saline water

26. Biomass Energy
Source Materials - Agricultural Wastes - Energy Crops - Industrial Wastes - Municipal Solid Wastes - Animal Wastes

27. Biogas Types of Biogas Plant Plant with movable gasholder
Plant with built-in (fixed dome) gasholder
Uses of Biogas
Cooking
Lighting
Preservation of grains
Preparation of fodder
Drive internal combustion engine

28. Availability of Animal Dungs
Agriculture-based country, so many cattle and goats in central Myanmar Regione specially Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay, Sagaing, Magway, Ayeyarwaddy Division, and Shan, Kayah, Kachin State.
On the average, the dung dropping of a medium size animal is estimated at 10 kg/day capable of producing 0.5 m3 biogas
The availability of Animal dung in Myanmar is shown in the following table.
Availability of Animal Dungs
Sr. No.
Domestic animal
Number (million)
Excreta
(MT per year) 1
Cattle
11.2
20.3 2
Buffalo
2.5
4.5 3
Sheep & Goat
1.9
1.2 4
Pigs
4.2
3.8 5
Chicken
63.0
Total
31.7

29. Biogas utilization since 1980 and in 1983 (867 floating type biogas plant, family size digesters, 134 townships, floating type biogas plant ). Biogas is mainly used for cooking and lighting
Requirement of the intensive maintenance, and short life-time of the floating drum
For the plan period , YTU under the MOST, the dissemination of biogas technology for rural development
About 100 Nos. of cow in a village, approximately 50m3 of biogas can be provided by 50m3 in size, fixed dome type biogas plant.

30. Since 2002, community size biogas digesters for village electrification have been constructed and utilized in Central region - Mandalay, Sagaing, Magway Region and Northern Shan State.
These digesters are 25, 50, 100 cubic meter in size, Fixed Dome Type electricity producing biogas plants with installed capacity of 5-15 KW, serving 177 villages with 4 hours per day of electricity.

31. Constructed and Using Biogas Plants No. of Constructed Digester
in States and Regions, 2012
No.
States / Regions
No. of Constructed Digester
Total
Digester for Village
Digester for Family 1.
Nay Pyi Taw 6 12 18 2.
Mandalay
108 3
111 3.
Sagaing 23 2 25 4.
Magway 9 - 5.
Shan (North) 1 6.
Shan (South) 7.
Shan (East) 8.
Kayar (Loikaw) 9.
Ayeyarwady (Pathein)
10.
Kachin
11.
Rakhine
12.
Mon
151 26
177

32. All houses, monasteries and streets (two hours in the early mornings and four hours in the evenings).
In 2009, 26 Nos of 6-12 cubic meter size of family-sized, fixed dome type biogas digester has been developed by biogas project group and utilized in integrated farming system.

33. 50m3 in size, MMO model Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant is about 60,00,000 Kyats including the cost of 25HP, 15 KVA engine
Supposed to be 300 houses in a village, each household will have to pay 600 Kyats/month for one fluorescence tube, 1,50,000 Kyats can be collected in all and the investment of biogas plant will be covered with in three or four years.

34. Stimulating Agricultural Production
Animal excreta, crop stalks, vegetable waste and leaves become thoroughly decomposed after fermentation when sealed airtight in these biogas pits.
Their nitrogen content is transformed into ammonia, which is easier for plants to absorb, and therefore improve the fertilizer.

35. From 50m3 in size, 420 gals (or) 8 barrels of effluent slurry (more than 75% of inorganic Nitrogen rich in digested slurry)
tons of N equivalent to 125 bags of urea
ton of P2O5 equivalent to 50 bags of superphosphate
ton of K2O equivalent to 96 bags of Potash
are composed of effluent slurry per annum.
approximately will be saved US$ 1900 / year
the literature, the yield of wheat is a 16% and rice is a 14.7% and vegetable is a 25% increase.

36. Rice – Husk Gasifier
Gasification
Gasifier
Producer
Gas
Biomass

37. Rice is the main farm product and is mass-produced (22 million tons of rice are produced annually)
A large sum of rice husks are excreted in rice mills (produced all year round due to continuous operation)
Some rice mills use rice husks as fuel to generate steam for steam engines
Rice mills using motors or diesel engines ( so produce surplus rice husks)

38. Biofuels
To produce biodiesel at the community level by using small scale biodiesel plants
Driving single cylinder agriculture machines and water pumps are presented
The Government’s Guidance for The Development of The Bio-diesel Production
Increase Palm plantation in available land (existing production is 5800 metric ton of crude palm from 166,204 acres = hectare).
To promote Physic nut / Jatropha / Castrol Oil plantation and achieve 8 million acres (3.24 million hectare) within ( ) years.
To encourage the private sector participation.

39. Biodiesel
Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha curcasOil with Methanol and with Ethanol
BIODIESEL Pilot Plant of Boidiesel Processor
60 Liter/Day
30 gal / day capacity Biodiesel Pilot Plant

40. Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Oil
Chemical Properties of Pilot Plant Operation of Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Oil
Chemical Properties
ASTM D 6751 Standard
Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Oil
With Ethanol
(from FFA 8.8%
raw oil)
With Methanol
(from FFA 5.23% raw oil)
Total glycerol %
0.24%
1.15%
1.1%
Free glycerol %
0.02%
Nil
0.05%
Combined glycerol %
0.22%
1.05%
Source: Yangon Technological University

41. CDM Projects are new to Myanmar. No Project had been accomplished.
CDM Possibilities
CDM Projects are new to Myanmar.
No Project had been accomplished.
- Waste Heat Recovery Projects in Power Industry (Gas Turbines), Cement Industry, Petroleum Industry etc….
- RE Power Generation – Biomass Gasifier
Biogas Plants
- Waste to Energy Projects - Industrial wastes
- Distilleries, Beverage Industry, Starch and Chemical Industry etc.)
- MSW to Energy – Yangon, Mandalay and State and Division Level Towns.
- Fossil Fuel Displacement Project – Steam generation by Biomass Energy (Rice Husk, Wood Chips)
- Energy Efficiency and Consecration (EE&C) Projects.
- Teak and Energy Plantations, Mangrove Replanting.
accumulate for sizable
power output.

42. Conclusion
Myanmar possesses the full potential of RE development in almost every sector. Main potential areas are Hydropower and Biomass Energy.
Myanmar has abundant renewable energy sources.
Solar, Wind, Geothermal and Oceanic Energy potentialities can also be exploited.
Large-scale hydro electric power will surely continue to be developed as a main power source
Micro hydropower development will also continue for electrifying small villages.
Solar power, due to its high cost, but good potential for community size projects.
Wind power, it has a poor prospect since favorable sites for wind power generation are very few, but can be used with solar system in hybrid applications.

43. Biogas production from municipal and agricultural waste and to disseminate the Biogas Technology in order to implement the low cost family size biogas plant for cooking and lighting in rural area.
More development works with appropriate technologies are required in renewable energy application.
The Electrification rate of Myanmar is currently around (26)% and this ratio must be (60)% in the year Within (8)years Myanmar must add (34)% more to the electricity generation. The present national installed capacity is around (3494)MW. So Myanmar needs total installed capacity of (8063)MW in the year It needs to increase (4.25)% or (571)MW annually. This is for the total electricity sector and RE may be (20)% of this capacity. So RE sector must generate electricity of (114)MW annually starting from 2012 to 2020 (Excluding Large Hydropower Projects Public, Private or PPP).

44. FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION