1. HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY = 630 GW POWER = DELTA P x FLOW RATE POWER (W) = H =METRES, Q = CUSECS NIAGRA FALLS, H=100M,Q=6000M 3 S -1,P=5GW

2. WORLD TOTAL = 630GW

3. HYDROPOWER TOTAL AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE RESOURCE IS 15 TIMES PRESENT HYDROELECTRIC OUTPUT, WHICH IS 16% OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER 100% IN NORWAY, 80% BRAZIL UK INSTALLED CAPACITY IS 1.4GW (90% IN SCOTLAND) UK POTENTIAL IS 13 GW

5. ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEED KAPLAN – LARGE Q LOW H, VARY BLADE ANGLE FRANCIS – VARY Q BY ADJUSTING GUIDE VANES PELTON – VARY IMPULSE BY NOZZLE SPEAR

9. FRANCIS TURBINE

13. POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2

16. 18 SETS OF 700 MW =12.6 GW, H=120M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S

17. 1 MILE LONG, 181 M HIGH, 18.2 GW, 26 X 700 MW

19. CRUACHAN RESERVOIR AND LOCH AWE

21. CRUACHAN PUMPER STORAGE SCHEME

22. DINORWIG PUMPED STORAGE IN WALES

23. DINORWIG 6 X 300MW FRANCIS TURBINES H=500M, Q= 7 MILLION M 3 TURBINES OPERATING AS PUMPS USE 281MW EACH TAKES 6 HOURS TO FILL UP AT NIGHT OVERALL EFFICIENCY = 88% IE PAY 12% OF POWER USED TO PROVIDE STORAGE

24. TIDAL POWER GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOON INTERACTION TOTAL UK POTENTIAL = 17% OF CURRENT ELECTRICTY GENERATION

28. R AREA = A MASS OF TRAPPED WATER = C OF G = R/2 ABOVE LOW WATER MARK MAX PE IF ALL WATER FALLS R/2 = Over tidal period ‘t’ average PE =

31. TIDAL TURBINE

34. 2 miles of permanent mud at Weston – super - Mare

35. Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates

36. Turbines 6000MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & sea Pumps 2500MW

42. 12.5 HRS 50 MINS LATER EACH DAY 29.5 DAY CYCLE 14 DAYS BETWEEN SPRING & NEAP SUN PULL IS 177 BIGGER THAN MOON MID OCEAN TR=0.5M NEAR COASTS TR AMPLIFIED UP TO 15M

43. MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUT COMMON CENTRE GIVES LARGE OUTWARD G FORCE ON SEA ON FAR SIDE & SMALL G FORCE ON NEAR SIDE. PULL OF MOON STRONG ON NEAR SIDE, WEAKER THAN AVERAGE ON FAR SIDE SUM APPROX SAME ON BOTH SIDES

44. WAVE ENERGY UP TO 2MW/m Average 80kW/m Twice as much available in UK territorial waters As current installed generating capacity Seasonal peak in the winter Storms a problem

45. ANNUAL AVERAGE WAVE POWER IN KW/M

52. SALTER DUCK WAVE POWER CONVERTER

53. SALTER DUCK WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER