1. Unit 4: Antebellum America

2. The Market Revolution
From the United States experienced both growth and transformation in its economy. The period is called both the first industrial revolution and the market revolution. It greatly impacted the economy of each region in the United States and eventually caused a renewal in sectionalism.
Causes:
War of 1812 and Economic Nationalism in the Era of Good Feelings
Population Growth: Immigration and Natural Increase
1790 – 4 million, 1830 – 13 million, million
Innovations in Agriculture, Industry, and Transportation

3. The Market Revolution Innovations in Agriculture
Eli Whitney – cotton gin
McCormick Reaper
Thresher, Steel Plow
Innovations in Industry
Textile Mill – Samuel Slater - Pawtucket Rhode Island
Sewing Machine
Shoe Production
Factory System and Coal Power
Interchangeable Parts –Eli Whitney
Rotary Press and Telegraph
Corporations
Innovations in Transportation
Steamboat – 1807 – Clermont – Fulton and Livingston
Canal Era ( ) – Erie Canal, 1850 – 3000 miles of canals
Railroad – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad – 1830
1850 – 9000 miles of tracks

5. Using Documents
Intended Audience: Before the French and Indian War, Americans had begun expanding into the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.  An Iroquois Chief complained to representatives of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia claiming Americans, “Daily settle these lands, and spoil our hunting.” (Doc 2)
Purpose: Colonial newspapers of the era attempted to rally Americans to the cause of battling the stamp act by referring to times under British imperialism as “dreadful, doleful, dismal, and DOLLAR LESS.” (Doc 7)
Historical Context: At the beginning of the French and Indian War, most Americans considered themselves loyal British subjects.  George Washington, speaking at the outbreak of the French and Indian War, reflected on his “laudable desire to serve King and Country.” (Doc 3)
Point of View: As the war progressed, many Americans became disheartened with the British as they failed to adequately supply the army.  A Massachusetts soldier, having witnessed firsthand the treatment of Americans by the British commander’s, commented that, “Though we Englishmen born, we are debarred Englishmen’s liberty.” (Doc 4)

6. Impact of the Market Revolution on the Northeast and Northwest
Conditions for Factory Workers
Lowell System
Rise of Labor Unions and Agitation for change
Ten Hour Workday, Child Labor Laws, Wages
Immigration and Nativism
German and Irish Immigrants
The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner – Know Nothings
Urbanization
26% in free states
St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Detroit, etc.
Division between private life and public life
Women – Cult of Domesticity, Oberlin and Mount Holyoke colleges
Middle Class
Banker, Merchants, Managers, Professionals, Financiers
Westward Expansion
Safety Valve for Discontent, New Lands for cultivation, increasing demand
Ties between the Northeast and Northwest
Bread Basket, Feeding Industrial Workforce, Erie Canal

7. Impact of the Market Revolution on the South
Cash Crop Dependency
The Cotton Gin: Short Staple Cotton
1820 – 500,000 Bales, 1860 – 5,000,000 Bales
2/3 of US Exports, $200 million/year
Westward Expansion – Cotton Kingdom, New South, Deep South
Social Classes- Planter Class (Aristocratic – Political and Economic Control), Plain Folk, Poor White Trash
Little Urbanization or Transportation
Plantations and Slavery
Slavery – 1820 – 1.7 mil, 1860 – 4 mil, Slave Trade
Small Farms v. Plantations
25% of White Southerners owned slaves, 75% of slaves lived on plantations
Peculiar Institution

8. Plantation Slavery: The Peculiar Institution
- Field Hands v. House Servants
- Task System v. Gang System
- (Overseer, Driver)
- physical and sexual abuse
- Slave Quarters
Slave Codes: Education, Church, Money and Property, Marriage, Courts
Slave Trade
- ‘in need of master’

9. Sectionalism in Antebellum America
As each region developed different economic and social systems as a result of the Market Revolution, political differences grew.
South North
States Rights Federal Power
Reduce Tariffs Raise Tariffs
Protect Slave Owners Restrict Expansion of Slavery
Rights – allow to expand
Removal of Natives + Expansion Limit Expansion
No Government Funding Federal Funding of Internal of Internal Improvements Improvements

10. Intellectual Movements
During the early 1800s, several movements emerged that were designed to fix the ills of society and create a better world. Democracy was also expanding in the United States. Three intellectual/religious movements helped to encourage the growth of these movements and democracy:
1. Romanticism
- in every individual there is a spirit that is good, society should help to release it
- nature is the best source of wisdom, not civilization
- Hudson River School, James Fenimore Cooper, Walt Whitman
- Reaction – Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe
2. Transcendentalism
- Use reason (individuals innate capacity to grasp beauty and truth through full expression of instincts and emotions), not understanding (intellect imposed by society)
- Allow soul to create a relationship with the Universe
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
3. Revivalism (Second Great Awakening)
- Charles Grandison Finney
- Capable of affecting their own salvation –Good Deeds + Morality

11. Andrew Jackson (1828-1836) Elections of 1828 and 1832
Jackson faced many of the same problems as Presidents before him had. National debates about federal versus state power and the role of the government in the economy continued. Additionally, Jackson faced with a new emphasis on individual rights and an intensified sectionalism after the market revolution.
Democrat – Jacksonian Democrats – As a democrat, he followed party lines on many of his decisions:
Increase in Democracy – Republican Government
Agrarian Economy
Limits on Federal Power
“Equal Protections and Equal Opportunities” - Increasing Political and Economic Opportunities – Assault on Privilege
Jackson, like Presidents before him, also left party lines when he felt it was necessary. He was also influenced by his western upbringing and his rise from a common man to the Presidency.

12. Jackson - Economic and Political Changes
Bank of the United States
Jackson v. Clay, Webster, and Biddle
1836 – Collapse of the Bank
Pet Banks and Distribution Act – Speculation and Inflation
Specie Circular – Panic of 1837 – Independent Treasury (Van Buren- 1840)
Maysville Road Veto – Kentucky
Indian Removal
Five Civilized Tribes – 1830 – Indian Removal Act
Cherokees – Worcester v. Georgia, Trail of Tears
Black Hawk War, Seminole War
South Carolina Exposition and Protest – Nullification Crisis
Tariff of 1828 – Tariff of Abominations
John C. Calhoun – Nullification Doctrine, 1832 – SC vote
Jackson – Force Act, Clay’s Compromise
Texas Annexation? – Sectional Rivalries, War with Mexico?

13. Using one example from the previous page, write a sentence that answers to following questions:
Did Andrew Jackson increase the power of the federal government or limit that power in favor of state power?
Did Andrew Jackson support a commercial or agrarian economy as president?
Did Andrew Jackson ease sectional rivalries or intensify them during his presidency?

14. Jacksonian America and the rise in Democracy
Causes:
Election of 1824 – Corrupt Bargain
Westward Expansion
Rising Middle Class
Second Great Awakening, Romanticism, Transcendentalism
Jacksonian Democrats – Era of the Common Man
Changes in Democracy:
Expansion of Economic Opportunities
Voting Rights – Property Requirements
Voter Participation – %, %, %
End of King Caucus- National Conventions and Electoral College
Spoils System and Rotation in Office
Second Party System
Reform Movements

15. Second Party System: Democrats v. Whigs
National Republicans v. Democrat Republicans
Party Rivalry Good – essential to democracy – force politicians to listen to will of people – checks and balances
Opposition to Jackson
Henry Clay – American System – West
Daniel Webster – Bank of US, Economic Nationalism – NE
John C. Calhoun – Bank of US, Jackson’s use of power - South
Whigs – expanding federal power, encouraging industrial and commercial economy, Internal Improvements – Northeast, Northwest, Wealthy Southern Planters

16. “Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and the Whigs in fact shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups, and proposed similar programs and policies.” Support, refute, or modify this interpretation using specific evidence to justify your answer.

17. Slave Resistance: Culture and Family
When the sun comes back, and the first Quail calls, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd.
Chorus: Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd.
The riverbank will make a very good road, The dead trees show you the way. Left foot, peg foot traveling on, Following the drinking gourd.
The river ends between two hills, Follow the drinking gourd, There's another river on the other side, Follow the drinking gourd.
When the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd. For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd.
Slaves developed their own communities and culture to help deal with slavery
- Language – Pidgin
Religion - Songs,
Themes, Ministers
Marriage, Children
and Family Life
Community – food,
clothing
Music – Follow the Drinking Gourd

18. Slave Resistance: Rebellion and Escape
Small Rebellions – Slow Down, Theft, Fire, Broken Tools, Injury
Runaways
– Underground Railroad
- Harriet Tubman

19. Slave Resistance: Rebellion and Escape
Rebellions
1. Gabriel Prosser - Richmond
2. Denmark Vesey - Charleston
3. Nat Turner – Southampton, VA
Despite the fact that all of the rebellions were largely unsuccessful, white southerners strengthened the slave codes and enforced them more regularly as a result.

20. Abolitionist Movement: The Moral Argument
Writings and Speeches:
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator
Frederick Douglass – The North Star, Narrative
of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American
Slave, "The Meaning of July Fourth for the
Negro"
Sojourner Truth - The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave
David Walker – Appeal
Harriet Beecher Stowe –
Uncle Tom’s Cabin

21. Abolitionist Movement: Economic and Political
Radical Movement:
Garrison – American Antislavery Society – 250,000 members
- “I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice…I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – and I will be heard.”
- Immediate and unconditional
- Increasingly Radical – Church and State, Pacifism, Women’s Role, Northern Disunion
Moderate Movement:
- Underground Railroad and Personal Liberty Laws (Prigg v. Pennsylvania)
- American Colonization Society – Liberia
Free Produce Shops
Liberty Party - Free - soilers – Oppose Expansion of Slavery into the territories
Ban interstate trade (International Slave Trade-1808)

22. The Pro-Slavery Argument
Peculiar Institution
Slavery was a positive good
Christianize and Civilize Slaves – uplift
Well cared for in comparison to Northern Industrial Workers
Economy – North dependant on Southern Cotton
Legal – 4th and 5th – Property Rights
10th Amendment – States Rights
Constitution mentions slavery

23. Other Reform Movements: 1800-1850
Reform movements emerged to attempt to solve many of the problems of society. These movements enable people to participate in democracy outside of elections. (Especially women)
1. Utopian Movement
- Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida, Shakers
2. Temperance Movement
– American Society for the Promotion of Temperance – Neal S. Dow, Washington Temperance Society
3. Educational Reform
- Horace Mann – Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Ed
- Public Elementary Education
4. Asylum/Penitentiary Movement
- Dorothea Dix
5. Women’s Movement
- Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony, Catherine Beecher, Lucy Stone
Seneca Falls Convention – “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”

24. Using your knowledge of United States History, answer parts a and b.
Briefly explain why one of the following periods best represents the beginning of democracy in the United States. Provide at least one piece of evidence from the period to support your explanation.
Rise of Political Parties in the 1790s
Development of voluntary organizations to promote social reforms between the 1820s and the 1840s
Emergence on the Democrats and Whigs as political parties in the 1830s
Briefly explain why one of the other options is not as persuasive as the one you chose.

25. The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been celebrated as the era of the “common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your response. Economic development Politics Reform Movements