1. Ethics Theory and Business Practice 10.3 The Responsibilities of Business Executives – Part Three Normative Stakeholder Theory Rationales

2. aims to outline a stakeholder-investments argument, a respect-for-persons argument, and a reciprocity argument in support of normative stakeholder theory to highlight some characteristics of normative stakeholder theory rationales and contrast these to some characteristics of shareholder theory rationales

3. normative stakeholder theory proposes that executives should not just focus their efforts on profit and shareholder wealth rather, they have responsibilities to all the stakeholders who are associated with their company so they should think more broadly about the social and environmental impact of corporate activity

4. some supporting rationales for normative stakeholder theory 1.stakeholder-investments argument 2.respect-for-persons argument 3.reciprocity argument

5. 1. stakeholder-investments argument shareholder theory emphasises the investments shareholders make in a company but other stakeholders also make significant investments in a company these may not be so obvious or so easy to quantify as shareholders’ investments but they often carry even greater risk

6. so if the investment made by shareholders entitles them to consideration by executives so do the investments made by other stakeholders therefore, executives should try to balance the interests of all stakeholders instead of just focusing on those of their shareholders

7. 2. respect-for-persons argument Immanuel Kant: never treat people purely as a means to an end – i.e. don’t use people shareholder theory involves treating all other stakeholders purely as a means to the end of maximizing shareholder value – i.e., it uses all other stakeholders to create wealth for shareholders

8. putting the respect-for-persons argument into practice through stakeholder discourse ‘The very purpose of the firm is … to serve as vehicle for coordinating stakeholder interests’ (Evan and Freeman, 1993: 262) ‘each of these stakeholder groups has a right not to be treated as a means to some end, and therefore must participate in determining the future direction of the firm in which they have a stake’ (Evan and Freeman, 1993: 255)

9. 3. reciprocity argument reciprocity: ‘the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit’ (Oxford English Dictionary)

10. reciprocity and shareholders shareholders influence the success of a company by supporting it therefore they have, in exchange, a right to expect that their interests will be taken into account by that company’s executives reciprocity and other stakeholders people such as customers, employees, and suppliers also influence the success of a company by supporting it therefore they also have, in exchange, a right to expect that their interests will be taken into account by that company’s executives

11. reciprocity and society society provides a range of essential services to business therefore, business owes society a certain amount of consideration in return business executives therefore have a responsibility to help to sustain the society that sustains their business

12. theory in practice offshoring: good business sense or an abrogation of responsibility to stakeholders?

13. summarizing shareholder and normative stakeholder rationales shareholder theory rationalesnormative stakeholder theory rationales conceive of business activity in terms of transactions between separate, independent, rights- bearing individuals emphasise the interdependencies that exist between companies and all their stakeholders executives should define their responsibilities in relation to the rights of distinct sets of stakeholders executives should take into account the responsibilities entailed by their relationships of mutual dependency with stakeholders property rights occupy an especially privileged position in this rights-oriented evaluation highlight responsibilities associated with membership of an interdependent, mutually supportive community

14. key points normative stakeholder theory proposes that executives have responsibilities to all affected stakeholders, not just shareholders some compelling rationales have been offered in support of normative stakeholder theory the presuppositions upon which these rationales are built contrast in several ways to those which underpin shareholder theory

15. references Evan, W.M. and Freeman, R.E. (1993) ‘A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian capitalism’, in G.D. Chryssides and J.H. Kaler, An Introduction to Business Ethics. London: International Thompson Business Press. pp 254–66.