2. AIM: How was fingerprinting developed in forensic science? DO NOW: Are fingerprints individual or class evidence? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. HOMEWORK: Textbook read 72-73 and 76- 77(Anatomy of a fingerprint). What are friction ridges and where are they found?

3. Monday 11/17/14 AIM: How are fingerprints developed? DO NOW: 1- Take out your lab from Friday make sure you answered the analysis questions EXCEPT 3 and 7 2- Read the Will West article and answer the following: 1- Who is William West? 2- Who is Will West 3- Why are the “West Brothers” forensically important HW: Textbook page 100 questions 7-10. QUIZ FRIDAY!

4. Dactyloscopy The study of fingerprints Historically  William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and also as a means of identifying prisoners  Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification  Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry  Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls.  Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system  Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries

5. William and Will west

6. What is a fingerprint? Skin has an outer layer (epidermis) which has ridges projecting inward, and an inner layer (dermis) which has projections pressing into the spaces between ridges A fingerprint is a pattern made by the friction ridges, which is left behind due to sweat and oil that sticks to them. Fingerprints form during the fetal stage of development.

8. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/vi deo/Where-Do-Fingerprints-Come- From.html

9. When do they form? In early embryonic development & remain constant

10. What determines fingerprints? DNA - Genes & environmental forces: pressures within the womb and contact with the amniotic fluid

11. Thursday 11/19/14 AIM: How are imprints individual pieces of evidence? DO NOW: Explain how fingerprints are formed HOMEWORK: Textbook read 72-73 and 76- 77(Anatomy of a fingerprint). What are friction ridges and where are they found?

12. DONOW ANSWER DNA controls formation of epidermis and dermis The pressure on the amniotic fluid finalizes the ridge pattern

13. Formation of fingerprints Skin layer growth – 3-4 month – Middle layer of skin buckles and folds creating the first ridges Creation of ridges – fetus touches surrounding structures, exact position in the womb and the density of the womb's amniotic fluid determine how every individual ridge will form Ridge patterns: 6 months – The ridges on a fetus's fingertips have formed three main patterns categorized as arches, loops and whorls Fingerprint characteristics – two common characteristics found in every fingerprint: ridge end and bifurcation – The sequences of ridge end and bifurcation characteristics are different in every fingerprint

14. 13 Anatomy of Fingerprints Epidermis – Outer layer of the skin Dermis – Inner layer of the skin Dermal papillae – Layer of cells between the epidermis and dermis – Responsible for determining the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin

15. Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints  A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.  A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime.  Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.

16. Fingerprint principle 1 A fingerprint is an individual characteristic no two fingers have yet been found to posses identical ridge characteristics

17. Principle 2 Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified

18. Chapter 4 Thursday 11/20/14  AIM: how are fingerprints classified?  DO NOW: Explain why each of your ten fingerprints are different  When do fingerprint patterns form?  What are the three possible fingerprint patterns  HW: Text page 100 questions 3-10

19. Fingerprint Ridges Give skin traction for picking up items. The fine lines curve, circle, and arch. Valleys - grooves or furrows Hills - friction ridges

20. Fingerprint Pattern Pores on the ridges Discharge perspiration from the sweat glands Sweat mixed with oil can leave a latent invisible fingerprint

21. Other Prints  Ears—shape, length and width  Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph  Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot  Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company20

22. Other Prints Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects.

23. Chapter 4 Other Prints Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

24. Chapter 4 Other Prints Lips—display several common patterns  Short vertical lines  Short horizontal lines  Crosshatching  Branching grooves

25. Chapter 4 Other Prints Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

26. Chapter 4 Other Prints The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.

27. Chapter 4 Assessment  Create a list of each individual print. 26

28. Digital Storytelling - Fingerprint Analysis - YouTube Digital Storytelling - Fingerprint Analysis - YouTube Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company27

29. Chapter 4 Characteristics of fingerprints

30. Human population fingerprint distribution Loops: 65% Whorls: 30% Arches: 5%

31. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

32. Chapter 4 Arch An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. Types  Plain- the arch is mild  Tented- the arch is spiked upward

33. Plain arch

34. Tented arch

35. Loop A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side it began. Loops must have one delta (a“Y” pattern from diverging ridges) Types  Radial-- opens toward the thumb  Ulnar-- opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) Which type of loop is this, if on the right hand? Left hand? deltaΔ

37. Whorl A Whorl has a minimum of 2 deltas. Types  Plain- 2 symmetric deltas and a complete ridge circuit (circular in pattern)  Central Pocket- 2 asymmetric deltas, one side appears to be stretched  Double Loop- 2 loops and 2 deltas  Accidental- a whorl that does not fit the 3 above pattern types 36 Plain whorl

38. Monday 11/24/14 AIM: what are the general fingerprint patterns? DO NOW: Is this the left or the right hand? What type of loop is this and how do you know? HW: text read page 80-81. Explain the HENRY classification system and how it works.

39. What is a delta and how do they relate to fingerprint patterns?

40. Arches NO deltas

41. Arches Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present. Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center. Spike or “tent”

42. Loops Must have one delta 41

43. Loops Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Delta Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone. NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

44. Whorls: 2 deltas

45. Whorls Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl

46. Whorls – Part 2 Accidental Whorl Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories. Double Loop Whorl Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Delta

47. Central Pocket Whorl 46

48. Double Loop (whorl) 47

49. Accidental whorl 48

50. http://on.aol.com/video/how- to-determine-fingerprint- patterns-72416331 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company49

51. Determining fetal environment The more symmetrical your fingerprints the more stable the amniotic environment Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company50

52. Skin cells regenerate every 2 weeks If the friction ridge is not steep, the underlying skin pattern is shown White lines in ridge patterns represent diet pattern Many white lines indicate celiac disease 51

53. Tuesday 11/25/14 AIM: how are fingerprints analyzed? DO NOW: 1- What are the 3 general fingerprint patterns? 2- How can you identify a specific fingerprint pattern? HOMEWORK:text read pages 83-84 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company52

54. Peter Griffiths

57. Fingerprint Identification The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending. 56

58. Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns 57  Ridge ending  Short ridge  Dot or fragment  Bifurcation  Double bifurcation  Trifurcation  Bridge  Island  Enclosure  Spur Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

61. On your computer paper ThumbIndexMiddleRingPinky Right Hand Ridge pattern LeftHand Ridge pattern

62. Monday 12/1/14 AIM: How can we observe our fingerprints? DO NOW: Next slide HOMEWORK: Sticky fingers handout questions 1-5 page 3 and 1-3 page 4

63. Monday 12/1/14 How would you describe each print? What percentage of the population has each pattern Arch Whorl Loop 123

64. Steps for Fingerprinting Height – Fingerprinting surface should be 39 inches or 3 feet from floor Clean fingers with alcohol swab – why? The individual should stand to the right and rear of the person taking the fingerprints in front of the card Rolling Prints

65. Identify each fingerprint pattern. Right Hand Left Hand Right Hand

66. Tuesday 12/2/14: On a separate sheet of paper answer 1. Identify the following prints as a loop, whorl or arch. a b c d e 2. ___________is the study of fingerprinting. 3. The two layers of the skin are the ______________ and the _______________. 4. Fingerprint ridges form as a result of dermal __________________.

67. Wednesday 12/3/14 AIM: How can we describe some characteristics of fingerprint patterns? DO NOW:1. How is it possible that identical twins have different fingerprints? 2-Do you think it’s possible to eliminate your fingerprints? Explain. HOMEWORK: Handout questions 1-12. You can use chapter 4 in the textbook to help.

69. Are fingerprints class or individual evidence EXPLAIN Fingerprint patterns loop, whorl, arch are class evidence Specific minutiae patterns are individual evidence

70. Comparison Individuality is determined by its RIDGE CHARACTERISITICS or MINUTIAE. Prints taken from the scene of a crime must show areas of commonality with a known set of prints to get a conviction Core: center where pattern begins There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

71. Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company70

72. How are fingerprints compared? A.Fingerprints are compared by noting the ridge pattern on two prints to determine whether or not they match. B.The minutiae characteristics are then compared C.An identification is established when a number of these characteristics occupy the same relative position on the two prints. A.Fingerprints are compared by noting the ridge pattern on two prints to determine whether or not they match. B.The minutiae characteristics are then compared C.An identification is established when a number of these characteristics occupy the same relative position on the two prints.

73. How to Compare Fingerprints - The Basics - YouTube

74. RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (Minutiae) COMMON OCCASIONAL RARE Ending Ridge

75. Fingerprint Basics (minutiae) 74 BifurcationRidge ending dot Double bifurcation

76. Fingerprint Basics (minutiae) 75 Opposed bifurcation Island (short ridge) Hook (spur)Lake (enclosure)

77. Fingerprint Basics (minutiae) 76 Ridge crossing trifurcation Opposed bifurcation/ridge ending) Bridge

78. RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS MAGNIFIED Points 1, 2, 4, 5 are Ending Ridges Points 8, 10, 11 are Bifurcations Point 7 Short Ridge Points 3 and 9 are Dots Point 6 is an Enclosure (IEYE) Point 6 is an Enclosure (IEYE) 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 8 8 10 11 9 9 7 7 3 3 6 6

79. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

80. Primary Classification Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company79 The Henry—FBI Classification Each finger is given a point value rightleft

81. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company80 right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 That number is your primary classification number =

82. Thursday 12/4/14 AIM: how can we identify unknown fingerprints? DO NOW: Explain how you would connect a fingerprint found at a crime scene to a suspect HW: Handout question 1-12 due TOMORROW

83. DO NOW ANSWER Compare friction ridges or minutiae patterns 8-12 similarities match the suspect to the unknown

84. Friday 12/5/14 AIM: How are fingerprints used to connect a suspect to a crime? DO NOW: Take out last nights homework and pass it up 2- Worksheet identify fingerprint patterns and minutiae

85. 1- core: the central part of a pattern that defines the pattern 2- delta: a triangular shaped ridge pattern that helps define the pattern

86. Characteristics of a loop 1 delta Ridge enters and exits on same side Type of loop is determined by the direction of the opening Radial: thumb Ulnar: pinky

87. The number of deltas

88. Types of whorls Plain, central pocket, double loop, accidental

92. Monday 12/8/14 AIM: How can we analyze fingerprint minutiae patterns? DO NOW: Handout compare the fingerprints HOMEWORK: Handout

97. Right hand

99. Prove that these two fingerprints are identical

100. How do you individualize a fingerprint?

101. Comparison Individuality is determined by its RIDGE CHARACTERISITICS or MINUTIAE. Prints taken from the scene of a crime must show areas of commonality with a known set of prints to get a conviction Core: center where pattern begins There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

102. Fingerprinting in the US NY was the 1 st state to use fingerprints – 1901 Became the official system of criminal identification in the U.S. in 1924 at the formation of the F.B.I.

103. 1999 – US vs. Mitchell Challenged the individuality of fingerprints Court ruled: – Human friction ridges are unique & permanent

104. Modern Fingerprint Analysis  Computer system stores patterns and minutiae of prints  AFIS: automated fingerprint identification system Fingerprints

105. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - YouTube

106. 105 What is a Fingerprint? Skin has an outer layer (epidermis) which has ridges projecting inward, and an inner layer (dermis) which has projections pressing into the spaces between ridges A fingerprint is a pattern made by the friction ridges, which is left behind due to sweat and oil that sticks to them. Fingerprints form during the fetal stage of development.

107. WHAT IS A FINGERPRINT? A fingerprint is a pattern comprised of ridges and valleys. A Ridge – is a high. A Valley – is a depression or low. A fingerprint is a pattern comprised of ridges and valleys. A Ridge – is a high. A Valley – is a depression or low. Friction ridges are also found on our palms, feet and toes.

108. Why do clones have different fingerprints?

109. Valley Ridge

110. Anatomy of fingerprints Finger touches a surface – Perspiration – Oils from hairy portions of the body – Transferred onto surface Leaves fingerprint 109

111. AIM: How are latent fingerprints lifted from a crime scene?

112. There are 3 types of fingerprints 1. Visible – left by dirt, grease, blood, etc.  Does not need processing

113. There are 3 types of fingerprints 2. Impression – indentation in soft material (butter, putty, tar, etc.)  Does not need processing

114. There are 3 types of fingerprints 3. Latent – requires processing to make visible and suitable for analysis

115. What are the invisible components? Multiple sweat glands secrete onto fingers, palms, etc. Sweat contains:  Inorganic ions (Na +, Cl - )  Proteins, amino acids  Lipids  Other

116. Fingerprinting Recording or Making Prints  rolling inked prints  primary identification number Lifting Prints  Black, white and fluorescent powder  Chemicals—ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate Other Types of Prints  Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoe and footprints

117. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=w7wUuRiMCuM

118. 117 Lifting Latent Prints Developing a print requires chemicals that react with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. Physical development: uses powders to dust Chemical development: uses chemicals to fume Powders--adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background.

119. Physical Development: Dusting  Apply powder to latent print or area.  Powder adheres to print. Brush and Powder

120. Physical Development: Dusting  Apply powder to latent print or area.  Powder adheres to print. Magnetic Brush and Powder

121. Chemical Development of latent prints  Iodine--fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction.  Ninhydrin--reacts with amino acids to produce a purple reaction.  Silver nitrate--react with chlorides to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light.  Cyanoacrylate--”super glue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.

122. Thursday 12/4/14 AIM: How are latent fingerprints lifted from a crime scene? DO NOW: Handout: Identify the minutiae patterns. HOMEWORK: Text page 100-101 questions 11,12,14

123. Chemical Development: 1. Silver Nitrate  No longer used (messy, not sensitive)  Silver reacts with Cl - ions in print

124. Chemical Development: 2. Iodine Fuming  Iodine sublimes (solid → gas)  Iodine reacts with lipid components; becomes trapped in the print.  Fuming wand or chamber Dirty Brown Color Fingerprints > Analysis

125. 124 Iodine Fingerprint

126. Chemical Development: 3. Ninhydrin  Reacts with amino acids; purple color  Painted or sprayed on area  Heated to react

127. 126 Ninhydrin Fingerprint

128. Chemical Development: 4. Super glue fuming  Fumes with heat or base (NaOH)  Fumed in cabinets  Off-white print

129. 128 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints

130. Chemical Development: Ninhydrin and super glue prints can be further processed:  Dusted  Chemically treated to fluoresce (using laser or alternative light)

131. Friday 12/5/14 AIM: How do we reinforce fingerprinting techniques DO NOW: 2 minute mystery