1. Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: European Commission – DG Research (2010 – 2015) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it Nicola Pirrone (*) Alessandra Fino and Marco Strincone CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Italy (*) GMOS Coordinator

2. Mercury Transformations in Atmosphere & at the air/water/snow/soil Interfaces (I) Water/lakes/Ocean (II) Soil and vegetation Long-range transport Local deposition Soil Emission/ Biomass burning Wet/Dry Deposition (III) Sea Ice/ snow Hg(0) Hg(II) Hg(0) hvhv Hg(II)/ aerosols Cl 2 /Br 2 hvhv Hg p Hg(II) Reduction hvhv Hg(0) food web XHgCH 3 BrCl + hv  Br/Cl Br 2 + hv  2Br Br/Cl + O 3  BrO/ClO + O 2 BrO/ClO + Hg 0  Br/Cl + HgO BrOH/ClOH + Hg 0  H Br/HCl + HgO 2Br/2Cl + Hg 0  HgBr 2 /HgCl 2 Surface microbes hvhv hvhv zooplankton fish Industry CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

3. Global Mercury Emissions Volcanoes 90 Natural 5118 Forest fires 672 Oceans 2682 Forest & agriculture 1674 Anthropogenic2320 Global Emission (2008): 7438 Mg yr -1 Source: Pirrone et al. ACP, 2010 CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

4. Why Anthropogenic Emissions Shall Be Regulated Natural Anthropogenic -Emissions from Natural Sources/Processes cannot be regulated/controlled whereas the Anthropogenic ones can be. Natural Anthropogenic -Depending on the latitude and time of the year, Natural sources release mostly Hg(0), whereas Anthropogenic sources may release all Hg species in % that depends on the source type;  -With the exception of Volcanoes, natural sources are primarily diffuse/areal sources whereas anthropogenic sources are primarily point sources  different impact areas; -Emissions from natural sources/processes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions (time of the year) and latitudes whereas Emissions from anthropogenic sources are not; -……. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

5. Trends and Global Hg-background Concentrations In the Northern Hemisphere  1.5 to 1.7 ng m -3 In the Southern Hemisphere  1.1 to 1.3 ng m -3 Key Sources: Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommergue, A. (2010) Worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements: a review and synthesis of spatial and temporal trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8245-8265. Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E. and Seigneur C. (2007) A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition. Ambio, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.19-32. Chemical analysis of lake sediments, ice cores and peat deposits from both hemispheres indicates about a threefold increase of mercury deposition since pre- industrial times CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

6. Global Mercury Observation System A Global Mercury Observation System able to provide continuous information on mercury concentrations and fluxes in and between the atmospheric, marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Validated regional and global scale atmospheric and marine models Validated regional and global scale atmospheric and marine models as well as socio-economic models An International Observatory An International Observatory with the mandate to provide support to Policy Makers in the implementation of strategies and best practices to:  Reduce the use of mercury for many industrial and commercial applications and practices;  Promote a safe storage of excess mercury at country or regional level;  Support the implementation and future verification of the LBI (or Treaty or Convention) at regional and continental scales;  Run scenario analysis of different reduction strategies in order to meet the requirements of international legislation on mercury pollution control and monitoring. What is needed to Policy CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

7. GMOS Goal CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it Global Observation System for Mercury To establish a Global Observation System for Mercury able to provide ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes of mercury species around the world, by combining observations from permanent ground- based stations, and from oceanographic and tropospheric measurement campaigns.

8. GMOS Overarching Objectives To validate regional and global scale atmospheric mercury modelling systems able to predict the temporal variations and spatial distributions of ambient concentrations of atmospheric mercury, and Hg fluxes to and from terrestrial and aquatic receptors. To evaluate and identify source-receptor relationships at country scale and their temporal trends for current and projected scenarios of mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. To develop interoperable tools to allow the sharing of observational and models output data produced by GMOS, for the purposes of research and policy development and implementation as well as at enabling societal benefits of Earth observations, including advances in scientific understanding in the nine Societal Benefit Areas (SBA) established in GEOSS. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

9. Innovative Aspects of GMOS The outcomes of GMOS will support the achievement of goals and objectives of key international programs including the GEO Task HE-09-02d “Global Observation System for Mercury”, the UNEP F&T, and TF HTAP of the UNECE- LRTAP convention. For the first time, a coordinated Global Mercury Observation System will be established which will include observations from continuous ground-based stations, ad-hoc over-water observation programs, and aircraft-based tropospheric programs. For the first time vertical profiles of tropospheric mercury concentrations at different latitudes and time of the year will be provided by coordinating the efforts of GMOS with those of other on-going international programs in Europe and North America (i.e., CARIBIC, NAAMEX). For the first time a full validation of global and regional scale atmospheric models will be performed on the basis of observations that are representative of different regions, locations of natural and anthropogenic sources, terrestrial and aquatic receptors, and atmospheric transport patterns. For the first time fully validated regional and global scale atmospheric models, will be used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of ambient concentrations, and re- emission rates from and deposition fluxes to aquatic and terrestrial receptors for different scenarios of mercury emissions at regional and global scales. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

10. GMOS Observation Program GMOS will include the following observation programs: Ground-Based Observation System Ground-Based Observation System Oceanographic Observation program which will include: Oceanographic Observation program which will include:  Cruises over the Pacific Ocean  Cruises over the Atlantic Ocean  Cruises over the Mediterranean and North/Baltic Seas Aircraft program which will include: Aircraft program which will include:  Intercontinental Flights in the Upper Troposphere / Lower Stratosphere  Regional scale flights in Europe (and likely also in USA) up to the mid Troposphere CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

11. Overall GMOS Strategy CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

12. WP Leaders within GMOS WP no. Work Package PartnerCountry Work Package Leader 1CoordinationCNR-IIAItalyNicola Pirrone 2Current and future global emissionsNILUNorwayJozef Pacyna 3Ground-based Observation SystemCNR-IIAItalyFrancesca Sprovieri 4Over-water observation systemJSISloveniaMilena Horvat 5Aircraft-Based Tropospheric ProgramGKSSGermanyRalf Ebinghaus 6Integration of GMOS with Other ProgramsIVLSwedenJohn Munthe 7Global Scale Atmospheric ModellingMSC-ERussiaOleg Travnikov 8Regional Scale Atmospheric ModellingGKSSGermanyVolker Matthias 9GMOS Interoperable SystemCNR-IIAItalySergio Cinnirella 10DisseminationCNR-IIAItalyNicola Pirrone CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

13. GMOS Ground-Based Observation System - 40 stations will be established in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere - CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

14. GMOS Ground-Based Observation System CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

15. GMOS External Partners - As part of the GMOS Scientific Advisory Board - Representatives of existing regional programs and networks: -AMNet, USA -NADP, USA-Canada -Storm Pick Station (CO), USA -Mauna Loa (Hawaii), USEPA, USA -Mt. Bachelor station (WA), USA -Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan -Kangwa Island, Korea -....more sites during project development….. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

16. KHUMBU GLACIER More info at: http://evk2.isac.cnr.it/ 1.Power provided by solar cells (96 photovoltaic panels and 120 electric storage cells) 2.Station is remote controlled from CNR and CNRS labs. 3.Logistics managed by EvK2CNR. 4.NCO-P in operation since March 2006 (ABC, GAW, Aeronet, CEOP)

17. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

18. GMOS Oceanographic Program - Cruises over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

19. http://www.iia.cnr.it

20. GMOS Aircraft-Based Program - Intercontinental flights in the UTLS CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

21. Ensemble mean estimates of Hg 0 concentration in air B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg Global Hg concentration and deposition levels Source: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

22. B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg  The differences between models are largest in the regions of sparse measurements (e.g. oceans, the Arctic, South Asia, and Africa)  The largest uncertainty of simulated atmospheric deposition of Hg is associated with dry deposition Hg 0 concentration Hg deposition Global Hg concentration and deposition levels Source: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

23. B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg Multi-model source attribution study provides consistent estimates of source relative contributions despite the significant differences in emissions and chemistry between the models. Source attribution for Hg deposition Source: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

24. Impact on Marine Ecosystems Intercontinental transport from major hydrographic circulation patterns in the oceans Figure 5.6. Surface water total mercury concentrations in the North Pacific Ocean. Source: Sunderland et al. [2009] CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

25. Metadata Output RDBMS Server ServerClient GeoInt Client Application PostGIS Geoserver Portal OpenLayers... State of the art: GMOS SDI CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

26. Output: Desktop GIS ( uDig, ArcMap.... ) SWE Thin Client Web Gis ( OpenLayers,... ) Metadata ISO 19115, CS-W 2.0.2 OGC Web Services ( WMS, WFS, WPS, SOS.. ) SMS,.... Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Core Node Security and Geo Right Management SOS, SWE, WPS Components Storage System Pre Processing! HTTP Mobile (GMS/UMTS)................ AQUIRE OBSERVATIONS FROM GMOS Station 1..... GMOS Station 2GMOS Station n GMOS Interoperable Architecture (based on SWE) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

27. GMOS Impact Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Web Processing Service..... Users Nearcast Forecast..... Decisors Scenarios Directives ….. CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

28. Update on GMOS progress is available at... www.gmos.eu the official GMOS web portal provides all the information concerning the project development, interoperable system, field campaigns, atmospheric modelling and major findings and press releases CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it Thanks