1. Cortes, the Conquistador

2. 1519. Merchants travelling in the far reaches of the Aztec Empire had brought rumours to the emperor, Moctezuma, about the arrival of strangers on the coast. Moctezuma had just spent a sleepless night. He was in his palace awaiting the arrival of his council of nobles and priests. He needed to discuss a grave situation with them. Several months ago Moctezuma had sent officials to investigate reports of mysterious strangers in nearby territories. Now the officials had returned bringing stories of men in odd clothing and sailing boats as big as mountains. They rode animals that looked like giant deer and they carried sticks that shot fire. They were gathering supporters from surrounding tribes and heading toward Tenochtitlan. Who were these strangers? What did they want of the Aztecs? Should Moctezuma welcome them into his empire, or send his army against them? He had to decide quickly – the strangers and their allies would soon be entering the Valley of Mexico. In the end, Moctezuma decided to send a small group of Aztecs to greet the strangers and give them valuable gifts, including a mask made of turquoise and a fan of quetzal feathers. Surely these gifts would please them. Q: What aspects of technology, religion and culture do you think might affect the meeting between them? Q: How might differences in worldview contribute to the dominance of one culture over another?

3. Hernan Cortes The man who was leading this group towards Tenochtitlan was Hernan Cortes Cortes was raised in Spain during a time of great change The defeat of the Muslims and the unity under Catholicism was believed to make Spain better Cortes was a young, adventurous and highly ambitious man He heard about Columbus' expeditions and his discovery of gold in the Caribbean At the age of 19, he set out for the “New World” In many ways, Cortes embodied the Spanish worldview at time

4. Cortes Continued: A Snapshot Cortes was born in Western Spain in 1485 He studied law but soon left university to make his fortune He sailed to the Dominican in 1504 and moved to Cuba in 1511 where he proved his worth He persuaded the new governor of Cuba to make him commander of an expedition to Mexico The governor agreed, only to retract at the last moment – Cortes still went, however Upon arrival, Cortes started a settlement and made local allies – He even found an interpreter He was a source of trouble to his parents as well as to himself, for he was restless, haughty, mischievous, and given to quarrelling, for which reason he decided to seek his fortune... - Francisco Lopez de Gomara, History of the Conquest of Mexico

5. “Secret” Formula Cortes thought the Caribbean would be the perfect place to make his fortune Upon his arrival in 1504 in Hispaniola, the governor gifted him a large farm – “But I came to get gold, not to till the land like a peasant.” – How does this show Cortes' worldview? In 1511 he was asked to join a mission to conquer Cuba – He accepted and with 300 men they conquered Cuba using their formula

6. The Conquistador Formula 1) An expedition would set out from a recently created colony 2) After landing in a new area, the Spanish would try to meet peacefully with the first group of Indigenous people they met. Their aim was to discover which group was the most powerful in an area. 3) The Spanish would invite the leader of the most powerful group to a meeting to exchange gifts of peace. They would then seize the leader and threaten to kill him unless his people obeyed their orders. 4) If they did have to fight, the Spanish would attempt to do it on open ground. Their horses, armour and weapons gave them a huge advantage. 5) The leader of the expedition would remain as governor of the new colony and his second-in-command would organize the next expedition. The indigenous people would be forced into slavery. Q: What do you think of this formula? Does it seem pretty effective? Q: Are the steps above fair and just? Or should one have honour when conquering?

7. Hero or Villain? What makes a hero? What makes a villain? Examine the painting of Cortes – what does it tell us about him? Hernan Cortes by Christoph Weiditz, 1529 This painting was commissioned by the King of Spain as a reward for his work in “enriching and expanding the Spanish Empire”

8. Hernan Cortes by Diego Rivera, 1951 Rivera is a Mexican artist considered to be a hero for his political works Q: What difference(s) do you see in the two paintings?

9. The Richest Men Who Ever Crossed the Seas Cortes stayed in Cuba after they conquered it using the formula He was second in command to Governor Velazquez Cortes soon grew restless, however – he wanted to learn more about the great land to the west of Cuba Two expeditions were sent out to inquire into this land – There was a civilization in this new land, one that was stronger, more advanced and more wealthy than any group they have yet seen Cortes convinced Velazquez to help finance an expedition – He searched for experienced soldiers and even got loans to buy ships – He had gathered 11 ships, 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, 200 indigenous slaves and 16 horses

10. Cortes' Speech How did he gain all that support? Well... I know in my heart that we shall take vast and wealthy lands. We are waging a just and good war, which will bring us fame. Almighty God, in whose name it will be waged, will give us victory... If you do not abandon me, as I shall not abandon you, I shall make you the richest men who ever crossed the seas. Velazquez cancelled the expedition just as it was about to leave – he was worried that Cortes would not respect his authority Cortes ignored the order and left for Mexico – this was considered mutiny

11. Cortes' Arrival Before heading inland, Cortes established a town settlement on the coast – It was called La Villa Rica de la Veracruz – He created an independent government there This was a very important event, as it made him responsible and in charge, rather than Velazquez He sent one ship back to Spain with the gold he had collected so far He then sank the other 10 ships – why would he do this?