1. The Pineal Gland and Pancreas
Patrick Carney
Patrick Robertson

2. The Pineal Gland
Functions: the pineal gland releases hormones that control circadian rhythm and regulate certain reproductive hormones.
Hormones:
Melatonin
Serotonin

3. Melatonin
Melatonin is the principle hormone released by the pineal gland, and it controls many bodily functions.

4. Serotonin
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects mood/social behavior, appetite, sleep, memory, and sexual desire/function.

5. Diseases/Conditions Affecting the Pineal Gland
Insomnia: results from melatonin deficiency
Hypotension: results from melatonin overproduction
Seasonal Affective Disorder: results from melatonin overproduction

6. Did You Know?
The pineal gland was once known as the third eye, and the French philosopher Rene Descartes stated (incorrectly) that it was the, “principal seat of the soul, and the place in which all our thoughts are formed.” 

7. The Pancreas
Functions: releases hormones that regulate the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon

8. Insulin

9. Glucagon
While insulin keeps blood sugar levels from rising too high, glucagon prevents them from becoming too low.

10. Diseases/Conditions Affecting the Pancreas

11. Diseases/Conditions Affecting the Pancreas
Diabetes: causes blood sugar to rise to dangerously high levels as a result of insulin deficiency.
Glucagonoma: a tumor of the a cells of the pancreas, resulting in the overproduction of glucagon, causing glucose to remain dangerously low.

12. Diseases/Conditions Affecting the Pancreas
Gallstone Pancreatitis: when stones produced by the gall bladder clog the common bile duct, resulting in the inflammation of the pancreas.

13. Did You Know?
The pancreas is actually two glands lumped into one organ, one with an exocrine function, and the other with an endocrine function.

14. Concept Check Questions
What was the pineal gland known as, and who believed that it was the location of the human soul?
Third Eye; Rene Descartes
Describe some conditions that can result from the over or underproduction of melatonin.
Insomnia: results from melatonin deficiency
Hypotension: results from melatonin overproduction
Seasonal Affective Disorder: results from melatonin overproduction
Explain the conditions resulting in gallstone pancreatitis.
when stones produced by the gall bladder clog the common bile duct, resulting in the inflammation of the pancreas.

15. Works Cited
Derrer, David T. "Understanding Gallstones -- the Basics." WebMD. WebMD, Web. 12 Mar < basics>. "Glucagonoma." Healthline. Healthline, Web. 12 Mar < "Gluconagonoma." Joplink. Joplink, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < "Glucose Metabolism." Caninsulin. MSD Animal Health, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < "How to Treat Insomnia with Medical Marijuana." Medical Marijuana. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar < jpg/How_to_Treat_Insomnia_With_Medicinal_Marijuana.jpg>. "Insulin/Glucagon." Biomed. Brown University, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < McIntosh, James. "What is serotonin? What does serotonin do?" MNT. MediLexicon International, Web. 12 Mar < "Melatonin." Egosumdaniel. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar < "Pancreas." Olive Lab. Olive Lab, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < "Pancreas Function." John Hopkins Medicine. John Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < "Pineal Gland." Med-Health. Med-Health, n.d. Web. 12 Mar < The Role of Insulin in the Human Body. YouTube. YouTube, 13 May Web. 12 Mar < "Serotonin." Medical.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar < Shmaefsky, Brian R. Applied Anatomy and Physiology. St. Paul: Paradigm, Print.