Key terms and topics FINAL EXAM REVIEW.

Key terms and topics FINAL EXAM REVIEW

The people and institutions with authority to make and enforce laws and manage disputes about laws
Social institutions Government Sovereignty Democracy

Power of a nation-state (country) to govern itself
Government Democracy Social contract Sovereignty

Agreement that the government will protect the citizens and the citizens will support the government
Social contract Divine right Sovereignty Democracy

The belief that rulers derive their authority directly from God and are accountable only to him
Divine right Sovereignty Monarchy Communism

A form of government in which governmental powers are divided between a central authority and a number of regional subdivisions Parliamentary government Presidential government Federal government Confederate government

A political system in which a weak central government has limited authority and the states have ultimate power Federalism Direct democracy Dictatorship Confederation

A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by and responsible to the legislature
Parliamentary government Presidential government Direct democracy Representative democracy

Government ruled by king/queen. Ruler’s power is hereditary.
Dictatorship Democracy Republic Monarchy

A form of government in which an absolute ruler controls the power, often through fear or force and ignores the will of the people Monarchy Republic Dictatorship Communism

A system of government in which the state controls the means of production
Communism Dictatorship Parliamentary government Federalism

A system of government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives
Direct democracy Democracy Representative democracy Republic

A democratic system of government in which all citizens participate in politics and decision-making, such as town meetings Republic Representative democracy Democracy Direct democracy

A democratic system of government in which policies are made by officials accountable to the people who elected them (United States form of government) Republic Representative democracy Democracy Direct democracy

A democracy in which the supreme power lies with the citizens who vote for officials and representatives responsible to them (Rome’s form of government) Republic Representative democracy Democracy Direct democracy

1215 – the first document to limit the power of the king
Magna Carta English Bill of Rights Constitution Articles of Confederation

Sets of ideas that people have about relationships, obligations, roles and functions in society. Human groups developed to respond to human needs, structure society and influence behavior. Economic systems Interdependent Social interactions Social institutions

What a government is allowed to do; they may be limited by a constitution
Separation of powers Powers of government Federalism Checks and balances

John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, the Greeks, the Romans, the British and the Iroquois Confederacy
Powers of government Forms of government Government influences Economic systems

State control of business, labor unions, church and political parties
Democracy Republic Monarchy Totalitarianism

rule of law, limited government, consent of the governed, individual rights, and representative government functions of government democratic principles types of government social institutions

making a distinction in favor of or against a person, based on the group, class, or category to which that person belongs rather than on individual merit discrimination segregation perception intolerance

an introductory statement to any writing or document such as the Declaration of Independence or Constitution conclusion epilogue beginning preamble

the right to vote - which women met at Seneca Falls for and finally earned in 1920
Bill of Rights affirmative action suffrage voting amendments

the practice or policy of creating separate facilities within the same society for the use of a minority discrimination segregation intolerance perception

government and private policies designed to provide equal opportunity for minority groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past discrimination desegregation immigration affirmative action

Positives/negatives – before/after
Pre/post – pro/con Con/pro – post/pre Pro/con – pre/post Primary/secondary source

Before Christ/Anno Domini
Secondary source/primary source Primary source/secondary source AD/BC timeline BC/AD timeline

Account from someone who was there/account from someone who heard about it, but wasn’t there
Secondary source/primary source Primary source/secondary source AD/BC timeline BC/AD timeline

Measures distance north/south of the equator and east/west of the prime meridian
Longitude/latitude Latitude/longitude AD/BC timeline Pro/con

Natural (come from the earth); human (labor/work); capital (man-made goods)
Hemispheres Latitude/longitude Primary/secondary Resources

The northern and southern halves of the world divided by the equator and the eastern and western halves of the world divided by the prime meridian Hemispheres Latitude/longitude Primary/secondary Resources

Location, place, region, movement, human/environment interaction
Themes of Geography Types of Government Culture Economic Systems

Traditional (Native Americans); Command (China); Market; Mixes (United States)
Themes of Geography Types of Government Culture Economic Systems

Not enough of something/what we give up when we make choices
Scarcity/opportunity cost Costs/benefits Supply/demand Pro/con

Promotes well being; advantages
Costs Benefits Supply Demand

Train in one particular area
Assembly line Mass media Specialization Responsibilities

Losses or penalties incurred in gaining something
Costs Benefits Supply Demand

How much there is/how much people want; affects price
Scarcity/opportunity cost Costs/benefits Supply/demand Pro/con

The management of the resources of a community or country; expenditures and consumption of goods and services Budget Costs Benefits Economy

Newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets which reach a large number of people (today it would include radio, TV and the Internet) Peaceful protest Mass Media Social Interaction Social Institutions

The way people/groups in society treat one another – cooperation, conflict and compromise
Social interaction Social institutions Culture Economy

A society’s way of life – religion, literature, arts, customs, beliefs, etc.
Economy Government Specialization Culture

Bluegrass, knobs, Jackson Purchase, pennyroyal, western coal fields, eastern mountains/coal fields
Cultural regions Economic areas Regions of Kentucky Regions of the mid-west

a plan, often written, that details the rules, functions, and principles of a government
preamble constitution declaration bill

form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty goals of the Constitution functions of government government influences democratic principles

written by Thomas Jefferson; used traditional English political rights to call for independence for the colonies (unalienable rights, social contract, rule of law) Articles of Confederation Bill of Rights Constitution Declaration of Independence

added to the Constitution in 1791; the first 10 amendments to the Constitution which protect our civil liberties unalienable rights Declaration of Independence Bill of Rights voting amendments

guarantees freedoms essential to American democracy (speech, religion, assembly, etc)
1st Amendment Bill of Rights suffrage preamble

number 15 (Minority Men); Number 19 (women); Number 23 (people in D. C
number 15 (Minority Men); Number 19 (women); Number 23 (people in D.C.); Number 26 (18 year olds) Bill of Rights suffrage affirmative action voting amendments

in exercising your own rights you cannot infringe on the rights of another person (ex. shouting “fire” in a crowded theatre or using hate speech) natural rights limits to rights unalienable rights rights of the accused

amendments four through eight which, among other things, guarantee citizens due process of law and protect them from cruel and unusual punishment rights of the accused limits to rights Bill of Rights suffrage

“life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
natural rights Bill of Rights unalienable rights state of nature

Makes laws; has two parts (Senate and House of Representatives)
Supreme Court Congress Cabinet Parliament

Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Parts of Congress 3 Branches of Government Federal System Representative Government

Branch of government responsible for carrying out or executing the laws
Executive Branch Judicial Branch Legislative Branch 3 Branches of Government

Also known as Congress, branch of government that makes laws

Studies and interprets the Constitution and determines if laws/actions are Constitutional

Each branch of government has some power over the other; prevents any one branch from becoming all powerful or abusing their power Separation of Powers 3 Branches of Government Articles of Confederation Checks and Balances

Governments’ powers are divided among three branches to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of any one person of group of people Separation of Powers 3 Branches of Government Articles of Confederation Checks and Balances

Power of the President to reject a bill and attempt to keep it from becoming a law
Override Declare Unconstitutional Impeach Veto

2/3rds vote of Congress to pass a bill into law even though the President refused to sign it.
Override Declare Unconstitutional Impeach Veto

Accuse a political official of misconduct while in office (House of Representatives has the power to start this process) Override Declare Unconstitutional Impeach Veto

Number of people per square mile
Number of people per square mile. Urban areas are high and rural areas are low. Determines how many representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives. Census Population Density Tariffs Budget

Population count done every 10 years
Population count done every 10 years. Can change the number of representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives & number of electoral votes for each state is worth. Census Population Density Tariffs Budget

Plan for making and spending money. Congress is responsible for it.
Census Population Density Tariffs Budget

When two or more groups need each other in order for something to work
Levels of government Elastic clause Grants Interdependent

National, State & Local Levels of government Federalism Interdependent
Concurrent powers

Federal funds given to a state or local government
Mandates Federalism Grants Elastic Clause

The division of governmental power between the national government and the fifty states
Interdependent Federalism Levels of government Concurrent powers

The powers that both national and state governments have
Delegated/enumerated/expressed powers Reserved powers Inherent powers Concurrent powers

The powers that the states keep for themselves

Powers that are specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution

Allows Congress to pass laws as necessary to carry out its authorized powers
Implied powers Mandate Grants Elastic clause

English legislative body; has two parts – House of Commons and House of Lords
Parliament Congress Cabinet Supreme Court

First Constitution of the new country, had a weak national government
Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Constitution Magna Carta

15 experts who advise the president in different areas
15 experts who advise the president in different areas. Examples – Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Treasury, etc. Congress Supreme Court Cabinet Parliament

The Supreme Court’s power to declare a law unconstitutional
Judicial review Veto Override Impeach

9 Justices who interpret the laws and Constitution and decide whether things are constitutional or not Congress Cabinet Parliament Supreme Court

A formal change to the Constitution. It is a difficult process
A formal change to the Constitution. It is a difficult process. There have only been 27 additions or changes to the Constitution in over 200 years Suffrage Amendment Bill of Rights Voting amendments

Things U. S. citizens HAVE to do
Things U.S. citizens HAVE to do. For examples – pay taxes, obey laws and serve on a jury Wants Duties Rights Responsibilities

Legal process by which immigrants become U.S. citizens
Naturalization Citizenship Immigration Emigration

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the President and Vice-president. There are 538 members. Congress Cabinet Supreme Court Electoral College

Things as a U.S. citizen you SHOULD do. For example – voting
Wants Duties Rights Responsibilities

A community member who owes loyalty to the government and is entitled to protection from it
Immigrant Emigrant Slave Citizen

1862 document that freed all slaves in the Confederacy
Gettysburg Address Inaugural Address Emancipation Proclamation Civil Rights Proclamation

An expression exclaiming the importance of the crop to the south
“corn is king” “tobacco is king” “polyester is king” “cotton is king”

Given by President Lincoln, one of the greatest speeches in American history; said human equality was greater cause than state’s rights Gettysburg Address Inaugural Address Emancipation Proclamation Civil Rights Proclamation

Fighting on home soil, only had to defend, motivated because they were fighting for their way of life Advantages of the North in the Civil War Advantages of the South in the Civil War Advantages of the British in the Civil War Advantages of the British in the War of 1812

Larger population, more industry, more abundant resources, more ships, larger navy, larger railroad system, Abraham Lincoln Advantages of the North in the Civil War Advantages of the South in the Civil War Advantages of the British in the Revolutionary War Advantages of the Rebels/Patriots in the Revolutionary War

People who strongly favored doing away with slavery
Northerners Confederates Abolitionists Citizens

Plants such as cotton or tobacco, raise to be sold for money
Sustenance farming Cash Crop “cotton is king” Culture

Abolished slavery, guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the law, and prohibited restricting the right to vote based on race or color Civil War Amendments Civil Rights Amendments Suffrage Amendments Rights of the accused

War fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over slavery and state’s rights
Revolutionary War War of 1812 French and Indian War Civil War

Personal liberties established by the 13th and 14th amendments and congressional acts, applied to an individual or a minority group. Full legal, social and economic equality regardless of race. Suffrage Amendments Bill of Rights Civil Rights

Social goal of leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the developing of a culture that draws on diversity Segregation Integration Affirmative action Discrimination

Includes boycotts, strikes, picket lines, resolutions, and the circulation of grievances (petitions)
Naturalization Affirmative action Peaceful protest Specialization

This law prohibited discrimination in public facilities, employment, education and voter registration. It banned discrimination based on race, gender, religion or national origin Brown v. Board of Education Affirmative Action Voting Amendments Civil Rights Act of 1964

“land between the rivers” – modern day Iraq
Egypt Mesopotamia Greece Brazil

Civilization defined by the Nile River
Egypt Mesopotamia Greece Brazil

Islamic holy book Torah Koran Bible Common Sense

Jewish holy book Torah Koran Bible Common Sense

Pictographic script of the ancient Egyptians, recognizable pictures of the things represented
Cuneiform Terracing Mercantilism Hieroglyphics

Wedge-shaped characters employed in the writing of several ancient languages of Mesopotamia/Sumerians. First form of written language. Cuneiform Terracing Mercantilism Hieroglyphics

The Incas did this (creating flat surfaces) in order to farm in the mountains
Migration Terracing Mercantilism Irrigation

The artificial application of water to assist in the production of crops
Migration Terracing Mercantilism Irrigation

First set of written laws dealing with criminal and civil matters
Magna Carta Mayflower Compact Constitution Code of Hammurabi

The legal and social system in Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals were protected by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and were required to serve under them in war Feudalism Federalism Totalitarianism Communism

Military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims Guilds Crusades Tariffs Exploration

What causes people to leave an area and choose to move to another
Migration Immigration Push/pull factors Imports/exports

Country/city Rural/urban Urban/rural Fast-paced/slow-paced
Industry/agriculture Rural/urban

Increase in productivity and improvements in farming technology
Age of Exploration Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Civil Rights Movement

Association of people with same interest (medieval times – merchants and artisans) formed for mutual aid and protection Guilds Town meetings Unions Colonies

15th-17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans went by sea in search of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routes Age of Exploration Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Civil Rights Movement

The movement of non-native people to a country in order to settle there
Emigration Migration Push/pull factors Immigration

The movement of a population from one area to another
Emigration Migration Push/pull factors Immigration

A person who is the property of another
Indentured servant Slave Citizen Soldier

A person who was given freedom after fulfilling a work contract
Indentured servant Slave Citizen Soldier

A route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American Colonies, Britain and/or West Africa Colombian Exchange Great Convergence Mercantilism Triangular Trade

The mixing of European, African and Native American people beginning in the late 15th century
Colombian Exchange Great Convergence Mercantilism Triangular Trade

Wealth of a nation depends on its possession of land and precious metals
Naturalization Mercantilism Budget Specialization

Goods bought from foreign markets and brought into a country
Imports Exports Goods Services

A settlement in a new land that keeps close ties to its homeland
Guild Union Colony Town

Goods sold to foreign markets and shipped out of a country
Imports Exports Goods Services

British tax that required paying for a stamp on all paper documents
Tea Act Intolerable Acts Quartering Act Stamp Act

A form of direct democratic rule in which most or all the members of a community comes together to legislate policy and budgets for local government Mandates Town meetings Guilds Feudalism

Colonists who remained loyal to King George III and Great Britain during the Revolution
Loyalist Patriot Citizen Congressman

Taxes on imports and exports; angered the colonists and fueled rebellion
Budget Costs Boycott Tariffs

Colonists who rebelled against the king and supported independence during the Revolution
Loyalist Patriot Citizen Congressman

To refuse to buy products from a certain country
Protest Strike Boycott Patriot

Series of laws sponsored by British Prime Minister Lord North and enacted in in response to the Boston Tea Party Tea Act Intolerable Acts Quartering Act Stamp Act

Colonists antagonized British soldiers who then shot and killed five Bostonians
Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Shay’s Rebellion Philadelphia Convention

In protest of Tea Act, colonists dressed as natives and dumped tea overboard into Boston Harbor

An uprising by farmers in Massachusetts against the new central government

1787 meeting at which the Constitution was written

Favored by large states, it created a strong national government with 3 branches and a Congress based on population Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Three-Fifths Compromise

Congress with 2 parts; House of Representatives with representation based on population and Senate with equal representation Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Three-Fifths Compromise

Favored by the small states, it wanted a weak national government and a Congress with equal representation Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Three-Fifths Compromise

The addition of the territory west of the Mississippi River, east of the Rocky Mountains, north of New Spain and south of Canada. Land was acquired through a deal with Napoleon/France Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Homestead Act Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

Present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the U.S. in the last major territorial acquisition Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Homestead Act Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

A law giving 160 free acres of land to any settler who would pay the filing fee and live on the land for 5 years Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Homestead Act Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

The missing together of people from many ethnic backgrounds and from many countries in the United States Salad bowl Soup Melting pot Cast iron skillet

The war between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815
Revolutionary War War of 1812 Civil War World War I

The route along which the U. S
The route along which the U.S. government forced several tribes of Native Americans to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River in the mid 1800’s Assembly line Emancipation Proclamation Trail of Tear Manifest Destiny

People who went to California during the gold rush
Chinese Mormons Homesteaders Forty-niners

The change from an agrarian society to one based on urban industry that began in Great Britain and spread to the U.S. around 1800 Industrial Revolution American Revolution Agricultural Revolution Manifest Destiny

Henry Clay instrumental in compromises involving free and slave states
3/5ths Compromise Great Compromise New Jersey Compromise Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

Organizations of workers to improve pay and working conditions
Guilds Labor Unions Tariffs Congress

A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting methods. Developed by Ford Motor Company Assembly line Industrial revolution Mill process Economics

The populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland U.S.
Manifest Destiny Westward Movement Exploration Migration

The idea popular in the U. S
The idea popular in the U.S. during the 1800’s that the country must expand its boundaries to the west coast. It was a “God-given right.” Manifest Destiny Westward Movement Exploration Migration

The end!!!!!!!!!!!

Key terms and topics FINAL EXAM REVIEW.

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Key terms and topics FINAL EXAM REVIEW.

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