1. The Self

2. Who am I?
Fill out the sheet.
20 statements test

3. Count up responses
A-mode responses are the type of physical characteristics found on your driver’s license: “I am a blonde”; “I am short”; I am a Wisconsin resident.”
B-mode responses describe socially defined statuses usually associated with group membership of some sort: “I am a college student”; “I am a Catholic”; I am a Korean.”
C-mode responses describe styles of behavior or emotional states: “I am a happy person”; “I am a country music fan”; “I am a fashionable dresser.”
D-mode responses are more general than individual: “I am part of the universe”; “I am a human being.”

4. Responses In the U.S., people use C statements more (preferences).
There are cultural differences in the extent to which people are independent (A and C) vs. interdependent (B responses).

5. Percentage of responses of each type

6. Independent vs. interdependent
My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me.
I will sacrifice my self-interest for the benefit of the group.
If my brother or sister fails, I feel responsible.
I am comfortable with being singled out for praise or rewards.
I enjoy being unique and different from others.
Being able to take care of myself is a primary concern for me.

7. Hofstede’s dimensions
Power distance (PDI)
*Individualism versus collectivism (IDV)
Masculinity versus femininity (MAS)
Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
Long-term orientation
Indulgence vs. restraint

8. US vs. South Korea vs. Japan

9. How do we know who we are?
Looking glass self

10. Development of a sense of self
Chimps and orangutans
Humans—18 to 24 months
4 components:
Self-knowledge
Self-control
Impression management
Self-esteem

11. Self-knowledge Self-schemas Introspection
Self-awareness theory—how we act when focus is on us
Self-discrepancy theory
Can be uncomfortable, so we may escape from self
Memory
Thinking about reasons

12. Self-knowledge via observation
Schachter’s 2-factor theory of emotion
Feel arousal, then label it based on situation
Misattribution of arousal
Dutton and Aron’s bridge study (percentage of men who called the woman)

13. Self-knowledge via observation
Self-perception theory (Bem, 1972)—we observe our behavior to decide what we are like
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Overjustification effect
To decrease overjustification effect
Use verbal rewards
Use performance-contingent rewards
May not matter if not intrinsically motivated to begin with

14. Self-knowledge via comparison
Looking glass self
Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954)
Upward
Lateral
Downward

15. Self-control
Self-control as a muscle
Fueled by glucose

16. Impression management
Ingratiation
Self-handicapping
Self-promotion
Basking in reflected glory
Intimidation
Exemplification
Supplication

17. Activity
Design a short (1 min.) demonstration of this strategy. Then think about the following questions: When is this strategy most likely to be used? Would it be used by someone with high power or low power? More by males or females? Is it an effective strategy?

18. Are some people better?
Self-monitoring

19. Self-esteem When is it good vs. bad? Narcissism

20. Activity Raise your hands if you agree
Our country needs to address the growing number of homeless persons.
It is a good idea to floss your teeth daily.
The right to vote is one of the most valuable rights of Korean citizens.
Eating a variety of foods each day, including five or more servings of fruits and vegetables, contributes to good health.

21. Now answer yes/no
Do you personally do anything to help the homeless (e.g., volunteer at a homeless shelter or donate money)?  
Do you floss your teeth everyday?
Did you vote in the last election for which you were eligible?
 Do you regularly eat five servings of fruits and vegetables each day?

22. Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1954)
Conflict between our view of ourselves and a thought or behavior
When we surprise ourselves, feel stupid, or feel guilty
Motivated to
Change behavior
Justify the behavior
Decrease how important the discrepancy is

23. Justifications Justify behavior Justify choice Justify effort
Hypocrisy paradigm