1. Florida Department of Environmental Protection Alvaro Linero, P.E. Administrator, Special Projects Bureau of Air Regulation Mercury Puzzle Hg(0), Hg(II), Hg p

2. Emissions and Processes DEP Contract to Test some Facilities Three Coal- Fueled Power Plants Two Cement Kilns, plus a Compliance Test Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Compliance Tests Miscellaneous Industries Hg-CEMS (Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems)

3. Some Nomenclature, Proportion Micrograms Hg per dry standard cubic meter Pounds Mercury per Year (lb Hg/yr) Little Substantial a Lot Potent 0.1 1 10 100 µg Hg/dscm 1 10 100 1000 lb Hg/year

4. More Nomenclature Kilowatt-hour (KWH) 1,000 KWH = Megawatt-hour (MWH) Million (or 10 6 ) MWH = Terawatt-hour (TWH) 1 x 10 -6 lb/MWH = 1 lb Hg/TWH = 0.1 lb/TBtu ppb = parts per billion lb Hg/million tons of clinker = lb Hg/MT clinker

5. 25% Removal Hg p Hg 0 >2500 °F Flue Gas Higher NOx Lower CO Cold Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Coal & XS Air 200 lb Hg/yr Eastern Coal Old 360 MW Coal-fueled Unit High NO X I don’t actually have data for this case Hg(0) = Elemental (gas) Hg(II) = Reactive (salts like HgCl 2 ) Hg p = Particle Bound 25% 75% 50 lb Hg/yr 150 lb Hg/yr Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln Storage, Waste

6. 45% Removal Hg p Hg 0 >2500 °F Flue Gas C Cold Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Coal & Air 200 lb Hg/yr Overfire Air Low NOx Burners (LNB) 40 lb/TWH 4.9 µg/dscm 64% Hg(II) 360 MW Coal-fueled Unit Tuned for Low NO X Vacated EPA Hg limit for new units was 21 lb/TWH Carbon and Hg-Enriched Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln, Storage, Waste 385 ppb Flue gas carbon (C) can behave much like activated C 45% 90 lb Hg/yr 55% 110 lb Hg/yr 72 lb/TWH 90 ppb Hg 10.5% Ash Eastern Coal

7. Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO 2 Hg 0 >2500 °F Flue Gas C ESP Coal & Air 200 lb Hg/yr OFA LNB FGD Limestone or Lime Slurry 45% Removal 45% 16 lb/TWH 2 µg/dscm 85% Hg(0) Hg(II) 90 lb Hg/yr 20% 40 lb Hg/yr 35% 70 lb Hg/yr Sludge, Gypsum Hg Salts Hg p Soluble Hg salts absorbed or reacted in FGD Scrubber Carbon and Hg-Enriched Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln, Storage, Waste 385 ppb

8. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NO X Hg 0 >2500 °F ESP Coal & Air 200 lb Hg/yr Overfire Air LNB FGD Limestone or Lime Slurry NH 3, Carbon, Hg-Enriched Fly Ash Concrete, Cement Kiln, Waste or Fly Ash Remediation 45% Removal Flue Gas C 3.2 lb/TWH 0.5 µg/dscm 69% Hg(0) 45% Hg(II) 90 lb Hg/yr Hg p SCR Ammonia (NH 3 ) Elemental Hg (0) oxidized to Hg (II) by catalyst 10 lb Hg/yr 50% 100 lb Hg/yr Sludge, Gypsum Hg Salts

9. Florida Cement Industry 10,000,000 tons per year clinker Ten cement kilns Demand is down Five in operation (slack demand) Two are temporarily down Three new startups (also slack) Suwannee American Vulcan American CEMEX N. Brooksville CEMEX S. Brooksville Titan America CEMEX Miami

10. 1 MT Clinker Cement Kiln, Raw Mill On Meal & Hg Removed Meal & Hg Stored RAW MEAL SILO (Hg) Filter 1 MT/yr of Clinker LEGEND Gas Solid Filter Dust Raw Mill Separators Preheater Exhaust Preheater Feed 0.8 µg/dscm 92% of time 3 lb/yr Hg(0) New Kiln Limit 41 µg/dscm Limestone, Sand, Fly Ash, Mill Scale Raw Materials Hg Fuel Hg 120 lb Hg/yr in Clinker 400 µg/dscm 8% of time 117 lb/yr Hg(II) New Kiln Limit 41 µg/dscm Raw Mill Off, Little Hg In Fuel Hg Raw Meal, Hg Inventory Falls Raw Meal, Hg Inventory Increase To Cement Mill Scrubber ?

11. February 10, 2009 | 11 600 tons per day (TPD) WTE Process and Controls 2 - 20 µg/dscm 4 to 40 lb/yr 600 TPD Municipal Waste All have spray dryer/absorbers and fabric filter baghouses

12. Activated Carbon Injection (ACI) ACI means greater certainty of Continuous Control Fabric Filter < 5 µg/dscm < 10 lb/yr Fly Ash Containing Reacted Lime, Spent Carbon, Hg Bottom Ash

13. February 10, 2009 | 13

14. February 10, 2009 | 14 12,000 But are Underlying Tests Truly Representative? Highly Variable Inputs make Snapshot In-stack Test Unreliable Estimators of Maximum Emissions.

15. Hg-CEMS WTE Tests were Short-Term In-Stack Tests Sorbent Traps and Speciation at Cement, Power Hg-CEMS are in Place at JEA Northside Soon American Cement, Hillsborough WTE Unit 4 Diagnostic Hg-CEMS at CEMEX Brooksville South Used for Years at WTE and Cement in Germany Incorporate Industry/Instrument-Specific Manuals

17. Next Steps Reports for One Power Plant and Cement Kiln EPA Informational Collection Requests (ICR) Industrial Boilers, Coal Power, Fertilizer Look at Secondary Steel Examine Reliability of New Hg-CEMS Comments to EPA on Hg Rulemaking

18. Thank You – From Pompeii