1. E XTRACTION OF METALS

2. P RINCIPLES OF M ETAL EXTRACTION Most elements do not occur as separate substances but exist naturally as compounds. Metals tend to exist as metal oxides as part of ores which are excavated from the earth. To recover the metal from it’s oxide the metal ion is split from the oxygen ion. Metals high up on the activity series have more stable oxides than those lower down and due to this are more difficult to split up than those lower down.

3. M ETHODS OF METAL EXTRACTION : 1.Electrolyis 2. Reduction with carbon(carbon monoxide) 3. Heating of the ore.

4. M ETHODS OF METAL EXTRACTION : 1. Electrolysis : this entails the immersing of a positively and negatively charged electrical poles to a molten or aqueous solution of a substance. The passage of the current causes positively charged ions to be attracted to the negative pole and negatively charged ions to be attracted to the positively charged pole. While at the Negative pole, positively charged ions gain electrons to become neutral atoms and are deposited on the negative pole or fall to the bottom as a precipitate. The same occurs to positively charged ionsat the negative pole. The overall effect is that the constituents of the substance are separated and usually are deposited on the Positive Pole or Anode and the Negative pole or Cathode or it may sink to the bottom of the container as a precipitate

5. M ETHODS OF METAL EXTRACTION : 1.Electrolyis: Most powerful means of extraction. most expensive. Can only be used where electricity is abundant. 2. Reduction with carbon(carbon monoxide) Cheaper to operate than electrolysis. Labor intensive. Expensive to startup as large industrial equipment is used. 3. Heating of the ore. Cheap Can only be used on the most unreactive of metals(Mercury,gold,silver,etc.) 14kilowat hours = 1kg of Aluminiu m

6. E XTRACTION OF A LUMINIUM

7. E XTRACTION OF I RON The extraction of Iron is a reductive process whereby oxygen is removed from the iron oxide by carbon monoxide. The process occurs within a Steel blast furnace lined with refractive(fire) bricks at temperatures from 800C upto 1900C. The Chamber is kept hot by jets of hot air at over 800C, giving it the name “Blast” furnace.

8. Start materials: Iron Ore or Hematite Lime or Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Coke a carbonaceous ashy substance Iron Ore Lime Coke

9. E XTRACTION OF I RON : S TEP 1 B URNING OF L IME Iron ore, limestone(CaCO3) and coke are delivered to the top of the blast furnace, where the temperature is around 800C. The lime stone burns at 800C yielding calcium oxide(CaO) and Carbon Dioxide(CO2). CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 The Calcium oxide causes impurities which are present with the ore to fall as a precipitate near to the bottom producing a layer of “slag”.

10. E XTRACTION OF I RON : S TEP 2 P RODUCTION OF C ARBON M ONOXIDE The carbon Dioxide yielded from the Burning of Lime passes over the coke. Coke is a coal like substance produced from the heating of Tar and Petrochemicals without heat and contains a high percentage of carbon. The Carbon atoms of coke remove a single oxygen from each molecule of CO2 producing carbon monoxide CO2 + C 2 CO Coke

11. E XTRACTION OF I RON : S TEP 3 R EDUCTION OF I RON The Carbon monoxide yielded from the reaction of Carbon dioxide and lime removes the oxygen from Iron oxide. Each Carbon monoxide molecule is capable of binding a single oxygen so 3 are used to completely remove all oxygen from the iron oxide. Fe2O3 + 3 CO -> 2Fe(s) + 3 CO2 The molten iron sinks to the bottom lowest level of the furnace, where it can be tapped off. The iron produced by this process is called pig iron and is 95% pure.

12. E XTRACTION OF I RON : OVERVIEW Production of iron from it’s ore uses Carbon monoxide to reduce Iron oxide to iron atoms. 1.Lime burns CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 2. CO2 reduced by coke to CO CO2 + C -> 2 CO 3. Iron oxide reduced by CO Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2 Removes impuritiies : slag production

13. Q & A What is Limestone made of? How are impurities from the ore removed? What is the layer of precipitated impurities called? Where does the carbon dioxide produced during the process come from? What is the function of Coke during the process? What substance is responsible fo reducing the iron oxide to iron? What is the level of purity of the iron produced by this process?