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Summer Tree ID Made Easy Sanford S. Smith, Ph.D. (“Sandy”) Extension Specialist Natural Resources and Youth Education School of Forest Resources Penn State Cooperative Extension
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Tree ID, why? Diagnosis Management Right ___ Fun
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Tree ID Year ‘round
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What can we use? Sometimes –Leaves –Flowers –Fruit All times (almost) –Bark –Location –Shape –Size –Smell –Taste – TWIG!!!!
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Leaf Terminology
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blade leaf midrib petiole stipule bud stem Simple Leaf rachis leaflet petiolule bud Compound Leaf
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Leaf Types
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Broad and flat *shallow, wide “v” sinuses in this Red Maple
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Needles
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Scale & awl-like
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Leaf-type Comparison
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Leaf Arrangement
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Alternate
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Opposite
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Whorled
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Leaf Arrangement Comparison
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Leaf Structure
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Compound Leaflet Arrangements Palmately Compound EvenPinnate Bipinnately Compound
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Leaf margins Dentate EntireDouble serrate Lobed Serrate
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Ex) Silver Maple
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Leave the Leaves!
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Fruit types Achene Acorn (nut) Double and Single Samara Nut Legume Capsule Pome Drupe Berry
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Tree Shapes Branches: PendulantAscending Willow White Oak
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Parts of a twig Buds (scales, size, arrangement) Leaf scars (shape, size, vascular bundle scars) Stipule scars (presence, size) Lenticels (visibility) Pith (cross section shape & longitudinal appearance)
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Pith types
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Bud Types
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Identification Time
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Tree ID with a Key to the Leaves One decision at a time
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Identification keys Dichotomous key –most common type of key –simplistic and complex use –one decision at a time –On-line example
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4-H Summer Key to PA Trees Direct Online Link: http://downloads.cas.psu.edu/4H/ Summerkeyfortrees.pdf
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Leaf Terminology blade leaf petiole bud stem Simple Leaf rachis leaflet petiolule bud Compound Leaf
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Leaf Arrangement Comparison
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Opposite Branching: “MAD Horse” Maples, Ashes, Dogwoods, Horsechestnuts
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Lets practice!
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Hint: opposite
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Red Maple Acer rubrum *sinus: wide and shallow
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Red Maple
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Hint: opposite
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Sugar Maple Acer saccharum *sinus: U shaped
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Sugar Maple
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White Oak Red Oaks = lobed, round margins = lobed, pointy margins includes: Pin, Burr, Scarlet, Penn, Black, Northern Red
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Hint: alternate
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Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra * many Oaks similar to Red Oak, all pointy leaves. White Oak has lobed leaves
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Northern Red Oak
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Hint: opposite
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Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum
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Horse Chestnut
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Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis
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Eastern Hemlock *PA State Tree *has two white lines on each leaflet
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Hint: lvs. alternate, sap not milky
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Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia
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Black Locust
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Hint: opposite
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Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida
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Flowering Dogwood * leaves wavy, wrinkled * prominent veins
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White OakRed Oak
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Hint: alternate
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White Oak Quercus alba * only Oak with no points, rounded lobes
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White Oak
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Hint: alternate
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American Beech Fagus grandifolia
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American Beech * smooth gray bark, names engraved
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(one bundle joined by a small papery sheath at base)
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Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus * 5 needles for 5 five letters in the word “white”
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Eastern White Pine
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Clue: alternate, sap not milky
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Bitternut Hickory Carya cordiformis
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Bitternut Hickory
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Hint: opposite
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White Ash *opposite arrangement *”MAD Horse” – Maple, Ash, Dogwood & Horsechestnut
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Hint: alternate / hairy
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Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis
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Yellow Birch *horizontal grain on bark (on Birch & Cherry trees)
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Hint: alternate/hairy Sweet (Black) Birch ID Slide
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Sweet (Black) Birch Betula lenta
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Sweet (Black) Birch
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Eastern Redcedar Juniperus virginiana
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Eastern Redcedar
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Hint: lvs. alternate, rough, and hairy
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American Elm Ulmus americana
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American Elm
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Hint: 3 lvs. shown, alternate
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Sassafras Sassafras albidum
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Sassafras
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Hint: lvs. alternate
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Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
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Sweetgum
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Hint: lvs. alternate, milky sap in leaf stalk
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Norway Maple Acer platanoides
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Norway Maple
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Hint: leaves do not have stalks
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Balsam Fir Abies balsamea
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Balsam Fir
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Norway Spruce Picea abies
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Norway Spruce
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Balsam Fir Norway Spruce Fir versus Spruce
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Hint: lvs. alternate, not hairy, margins have fine teeth; leaf stalks have glands. (Single leaf) (Branch)
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Black Cherry Prunus serotina
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Black Cherry *Horizontal bark: Birch & Cherry trees
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Hint: lvs. alternate, sap not milky, leaves hairy
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Black Walnut Juglans nigra
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Black Walnut
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American Larch Larix laricina
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American Larch
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Hint: lvs. alternate
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Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
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Yellow-poplar
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Hint: lvs. alternate, milky sap
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Smooth Sumac Rhus glabra
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Smooth Sumac
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Prepared by Paul Roth, Former Research Assistant, Rance Harmon, Former Extension Associate, and Sanford Smith, Forest Resources Extension Specialist, The Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest Resources & Cooperative Extension Acknowledgements Idea development and review: Jason Hall, Sandra Insalaco, and Cecile Stelter – Service Foresters – Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry Review: James Finley, The Pennsylvania State University School of Forest Resources & Cooperative Extension Images provided courtesy of Virginia Tech & The University of Wisconsin. Line art courtesy of The Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences and the Pennsylvania 4-H Program Reference s Common Trees of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees Eastern Region, Knolph, Alfred A. Inc. 1980 Virginia Tech Dendrological Web Page, www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htmlwww.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.html University of Wisconsin, botanical images, www.wisc.edu/botit/dendrology/names.htmlwww.wisc.edu/botit/dendrology/names.html Textbook of Dendrology. Harlow, Harrar & White. 1978. McGraw-Hill Book Company Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Dirr. Penn State is committed to affirmative action, equal opportunity, and the diversity of its workforce. © The Pennsylvania State University, 2009
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Sanford S. Smith (“Sandy”) sss5@psu.edu 1-800-235-9473
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Penn State is committed to affirmative action, equal opportunity, and the diversity of its workforce
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