1. The Current Effects of DNA in forensic Criminology in the 21st Century By: Patricia Mitton

2. Definition Forensic Biology- The Scientific analysis of biological evidence to provide objective information on legal matters or those that pertain to criminal and civil law http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/2004/sept2004/sept04leb.htm http://www.dnaheritage.com/laboratory.asp

3. How is DNA used in Criminal Investigations? http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/proftech/crimJustice/degrees/forensicTech.php

4. Current Method: DNA Typing Process requires detection and screening of biological evidence DNA extracted from a specimen and using PCR amplifies specific regions of DNA PCR used to determine a DNA profile Reason to obtain a DNA profile to be compared with suspects, victims, and database samples’ profile’s in order to find a match and catch the perpetrator

5. STR Typing STR (short tandem repeat) Typing Done today using capillary- based electrophoresis or gel electrophoresis Involves: 1.Extraction of DNA 2.Amplification via PCR 3.Separation of PCR products according to length 4.Detection via staining or fluorescent dyes Pros  Currently the standard DNA typing technology in 11 different countries Gives strong, accurate evidence to present in a court case Cons  Mutations have been found to occur while amplifying with PCR such as nucleotide insertion, deletions or repeats of one or more elements Need certain amount of DNA(250 picograms) in order to carry out necessary amplification

6. STR DNA typing Used today using capillary- based, gel electrophoresis Focuses on specific region of DNA Look for similarities in band patterns to match suspects to the victim http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802002000300004

7. New Forms of DNA Typing LCN (Low Copy Number) Typing Still uses STR typing but requires less DNA to amplify Allows for analysis of small amounts of sample found on evidence such as a gun handle or doorknob Method allows for larger chance of mutations

8. mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA) Typing Easier to type from small and/or degraded samples because it exists in multiple copies Can analyze biological samples that lack a DNA nucleus such as hair, bones and teeth Has been successfully typed however there is controversy about interpretation of results http://www.dnajunction.com/technology/mtdna.php

9. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) Typing Can be typed accurately, cheaply and in large volumes Avoid many mutations while processing Several SNPs lie on same chromosome which cause problems for relatedness in large pedigrees http://eli-nati.fletzet.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core.ShowItem&g2_itemId=76758

10. Microbial Forensics: Biocrimes About Bio crimes: Perpetrators of bio terrorism use pathogens or toxins as weapons Low cost for producing pathogenic agents in criminal acts Microorganisms and their toxins major bio weapon used because can be grown via single organism or cell Bio terrorism will be one of major threats of 21st century How to stop Bio Crimes: Development of a strong, scientifically based microbial forensics program Determine procedures for collecting microbial samples at the crime scene Come up with a system when a suspected bio terrorism attack is underway Learn more about virus’s in nature and where they come from so that we can discover more about genetically engineered virus’

11. Biocrimes An example of a biocrime is the anthrax attack of 2001 caused by spores of the bacterium Bacillus Anthracis. Hundreds of people were infected and five people died. http://www.officeroutlook.com/news/Science/1286.htm http://webs.wichita.edu/mschneegur t/biol103/lecture20/anthrax_ pustule.jpg http://microbes.historique.net/images/anthrax2.gif

12. Future Outlook 1.Better equipment and accurate machinery for the use of DNA typing and amplification. 2.The use of SNPs and micro- array technology are looked at to hopefully be major fundamental tools for the analysis of small, degraded samples found at crime scenes with few mutations or problems 3.More developed DNA databanks which store biological samples from crime scenes. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/10sep_radmicrobe.htmhttp://www.cmbi.kun.nl/mcsis/vanhamer/introduction.html

13. Resources 1._______.(Nov.30,2007).DNA Forensics. Retrieved on December 15,2007 from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml 2.Balding, David J. (2005). Weight-of-evidence for Forensic DNA Profiles. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 3.Ricciuti, Edward. (2007). Science 101- Forensics. New York: Smithsonian. 4.Brunette, Stephen A.(2007)”Forensic Evidence” Retrieved on Wednesday Jan. 2, 2008 from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=757566#BIB 5.Breeze, Roger G. (2005). Microbial Forensics. London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press. 6.Norah Rudin, Ph.D. (2002). An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis. New York: CRC Press. 7.Safterstein, Richard.(2004).Criminalistics:An introduction to Forensic Science. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 8.Salyers, Abigail A.(Jan. 2004).Microbial Forensics. Retrieved on December 16, 2007 from http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/salyerspaper.html 9.Steven Lee, "Forensic DNA testing.” (2007).Retrieved on Wednesday Jan. 2, 2008. from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=YB060160