1. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

2. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium

3. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Figure 13.1 A Molecular Representation of the Reaction 2NO 2 (g)      g) Over Time in a Closed Vessel

4. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Figure 13.2 Changes in Concentrations

5. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 13.3 H 2 0 and CO Begin to React and Reach Equilibrium

6. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Figure 13.4 The Changes with Time in the Rates of Forward and Reverse Reactions

7. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 13.5 The Ammonia Synthesis Equilibrium

8. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Figure 13.6 CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)

9. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Figure 13.7 The Difference between Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilities

10. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Figure 13.8 A Mixture of N 2, H 2, and NH 3

11. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Figure 13.9 The Effect of Decreased Volume on the Ammonia Synthesis Equilibrium