1. Callers in Tall Buildings Wonsang Song Jae Woo Lee Byung Suk Lee Henning Schulzrinne

2. INTRODUCTION the NG9-1-1 system The problem of vertical positioning This paper presents a proposal to augment our previous NG9-1-1 system – floor-level accuracy – minimum infrastructure support. Three contributions – hybrid architecture – elevator module – stairway module

3. ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

4. Elevator module three challenges 1.extract the vertical component in the accelerometer measurement 2.how to subtract Earth’s gravitational acceleration 3.how to eliminate noise and errors

5. Elevator module 1.extract the vertical component in the accelerometer measurement – In the elevator, the dominant movement of the device is in the vertical direction. – We simply assume that the measured acceleration is close to vertical, and approximate the vertical projection with the vector itself. – The vertical acceleration is calculated as follows

6. Elevator module 2.how to subtract Earth’s gravitational acceleration – In theory, g should be constant at 9.8m/s2, but we found slight variations in our experiments – If we take g out of the acceleration, the integral of the acceleration taken over the duration of the trip must be zero because the elevator is not moving at the end of the trip. – we can deduce that the value of g measured by the device is the mean of the acceleration samples taken over the trip.

7. Elevator module 3.how to eliminate noise and errors – we apply a low-pass filter to the accelerometer output. – we apply a technique called zero velocity update (ZUPT) to eliminate accumulated errors.

8. Stairway module

9. The landing counting algorithm – The algorithm is based on the intuitive fact that the amplitude of the vertical acceleration is much smaller on landings than on steps because there are less vertical movements on landings.

10. Stairway module The landing counting algorithm – We use the heading information from the magnetometer to improve the accuracy.

11. Stairway module The landing counting algorithm

12. Escalator module The escalator module combines the elements of both elevator and stairway modules. The escalator module uses double integration like the elevator module. However, the user’s movement on an escalator is not vertical, so we use the gyroscope measurements to extract the vertical component from the measured acceleration, as we did in the stairway module.

13. Activity manager

14. IMPLEMENTATION

15. EVALUATION Elevator module

16. EVALUATION Stairway module

17. EVALUATION Escalator module

18. EVALUATION Combined case

19. CONCLUSION we present a hybrid architecture we present the elevator module we present the stairway module